At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the U.S. representation of the ohm is based on the quantum Hall effect, and it is maintained and disseminated at various resistance levels by working reference groups of standards. This document describes the measurement systems and procedures used to calibrate standard resistors and current shunts of nominal decade values in the res...

As more focus is brought to scaling up perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell technologies, it has been found that optimising the transverse resistance of interconnection leads significant quenching shunt defects in perovskite sub-cell.

Typically, to study the effects of consecutive earthquakes, it is necessary to consider definite intensity levels of the first shock. Methods commonly used to define intensity involve scaling the first shock to a specified maximum interstorey drift. In this study the structure’s predefined elastic spectral acceleration caused by the first shock is also considered for scaling. This study aims to...

The vortex fluctuations have proved to be responsible for the onset of dissipation in thin type-II superconducting Aims. There is also growing evidence that dissipation in hightemperature superconductors exhibits the same kind of two-dimensional (2D) behavior. However, a proper analysis of these materials requires a thorough understanding of the two-dimensional fluctuations. This thesis may be ...

abstract: background and aim:  micro-ultrasonic tips are similar to hand instruments in their clinical application of subgingival scaling.  in spite of their favorable results, excessive penetration of mini-insert ultrasonic scalers to the bottom of gingival pocket may cause harmful effects. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effect of root instrumentation with gracey curettes ...

asphaltene instability is one of the major problems in gas injection projects throughout the world. numerous models have been developed to predict asphaltene precipitation; the scaling equation is an attractive tool because of its simplicity and not involving complex properties of asphaltene. in this work, a new scaling model is presented to account  for asphaltene precipitation due to gas inje...