In March 2011, anthracnose symptoms were observed on stems of Dracaena sanderiana as imported ornamental plant in Gorgan, Golestan province (NE Iran). According to the Farr et al. (2006) the pathogenic fungus were identified as Colletotrichum dracaenophilum D.F. Farr & M.E. Palm. 

We praise the article by Mokhtari-Zaer et al. (2015) published in the Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine on the effects of saffron on smooth muscle activity (Mokhtari-Zaer et al., 2015). It was a well-designed and interesting study on the therapeutic properties of Crocus sativus which is a precious plant cultivated in our country. We do believe that along with all other medicinal effects, saffro...

Approximately 20% of the European population report severe chronic pain (Breivik et al., 2006), with higher prevalences in women and in lower income groups (Gerdle et al., 2004; Larsson et al., 2007). Common chronic pain conditions are localized neck-shoulder pain including trapezius myalgia (prevalence in population 10-20%) (Lidgren, 2008), chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD) (prevalen...

IFs related to blood vessels (including findings suggestive of infarct) • asymmetric prominence of artery or vein (Gur et al., 2013) • developmental venous anomaly (Gur et al., 2013) • venous angioma (Kim et al., 2002) • tortuous artery (Gur et al., 2013) • possible infarct (Gur et al., 2013) • possible aneurysm (Gur et al., 2013) • encephalomalacia from remote ischemic event (Rachmiel et al., ...

The NALP3-inflammasome is a protein complex that stimulates caspase-1 activation to promote the processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent work indicates that the NALP3-inflammasome can be activated by endogenous "danger signals" as well as compounds associated with pathogens (Kanneganti et al., 2006; Mariathasan et al., 2006, Martinon et al., 2006; Sutterwala et al., 2006). ...

Research suggests that exposure to tobacco marketing increases smoking by adolescents (Wellman et al., 2006; DiFranza et al., 2006; Paynter & Edwards, 2009; Lovato et al., 2003) and exposing young people to food marketing increases their food intake and the likelihood of obesity (Hastings et al., 2003; Harris et al., 2009; Nestle, 2006). It has been debated whether there is also a causal relati...

References 1 Murphy B. A. et al. (2006) J Comp Physiol A 192, 743–51. 2 Reppert S. M. et al. (2002) Nature 418, 935–41. 3 Nagano M. et al. (2003) J Neurosci 23, 6141–51. 4 Reddy A. B. et al. (2002) J Neurosci 22, 7326–30. 5 Altschul S. F. et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215, 403–10. 6 Bailey E. et al. (1997) Anim Genet 28, 268–73. 7 Bellone R. et al. (2006) Cytogenet Genome Res 114, 93A. 8 Kent W. J. ...

Starting in 2002, with a paper entitled ‘‘Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics and the energeticequivalence rule,’’ we have been developing a theoretical framework to understand the mechanisms underlying broadscale biodiversity gradients, particularly the latitudinal gradient. This work is part of a broader Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) being developed to predict various aspects of the...