The article addresses the question of how status-quo states can identify revisionist threats. After recasting the question within the collective security and social learning literatures, the article presents and models a new mechanism for the collective identification of threats – screening. It then identifies several conditions for the existence of screening mechanisms, among which states’ mut...

A web of corruption involving the Assad family, the security apparatus, and their business cohorts has been a major factor behind the outbreak of the Syrian revolt that started in 2011. UN-facilitated talks between the regime and the opposition are set to convene in Geneva in January 2016, after the refugee crisis in Europe and Russia’s entry into the Syrian war prompted a renewed international...

Since its release in early December 2006, the Iraq Study Group’s (ISG) military, political and diplomatic recommendations have generated wide-spread discussions. Unfortunately, the country’s economic recovery has received considerably less attention. Yet the country’s economic situation is quite dire. The ISG correctly notes that: (a) instead of meeting a target of 10 percent growth for 2006 on...

In the aftermath of the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, disturbing reports started to emerge about the participation of Iraqi physicians in human rights abuses in southern Iraq under Hussein's regime. While such heinous acts of ear amputations, falsification of medical-legal reports of torture, falsification of death certificates, removal of patient's organs without consent, and many other vio...

This article proposes to research the people who are considered peripheral and dwelling only on margin of a modern developed Indian society based their portrayal in Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry Utmost Happiness. word marginal generally refers state being not regarded as part main group or situation. principal characters stunning humane fiction Happiness- Anjum, Saddam, Tilo, Musa, others do bel...

In the search of world order after Cold War, two conflicts were particular significance. The first, in Kosovo 1999, was fought to end Serbian genocide Kosovar Albanians. second, Iraq 2003, a war choice ostensibly remove threat Saddam Hussein's Iraqi regime and weapons mass destruction it supposedly held. Although distinct, these wars joined as attempts by United States governments Bill Clinton ...

Even when American decision-makers were denying it, ordinary Iraqis in the neighborhoods of Baghdad fearfully anticipated the dangerous consequences of the U.S.-led invasion. We use two unique Iraq datasets to analyze the self-fulfilling neighborhood specific forces set loose following the U.S.-led invasion. Sectarian criminal violence by Shia militia disproportionately forced Sunni residents f...