dementia is defined as significant acquired cognitive impairment in one or more cognitive domains that represents a significant decline from previous baseline and interferes with independence in daily activities. autoimmune dementia is a term that has been used to describe a steroid-responsive autoimmune disorder characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia with a fluctuating course. even co...

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by acute or subacute encephalopathy related to increased anti-thyroid antibodies. Clinical manifestations of Hashimoto's encephalopathy may include stroke-like episodes, altered consciousness, psychosis, myoclonus, abnormal movements, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction. Acute cognitive dysfunction with convulsion as initia...

conclusions with growing cohort of young and middle-aged people, there is a probable risk of upsurge of ard. presently, there are dilemmas over the diagnosis of independent ard. thus, there is a need to develop evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management of ard through further systematic studies. results the prolonged and excessive use of alcohol may lead to structural and functional...

kernicterus (bilirubin induced encephalopathy) is an uncommon disorder with tragic consequences, especially when it affects healthy term and near-term neonates. appointment of cut off value of total serum bilirubin level that have a safe margin for early prompt treatment, as a result, prevention of kernicterus. in our study, all of icteric neonates that admitted in our center in 1 year were enr...

objective mercury poisoning is one of the important recent causes of mortality and mortality in children worldwide, particularly in industrial environments; mercury is a poisonous metal, especially harmful to the nervous and immune systems and the kidneys and can even be fatal. elemental mercury is present in thermometers, barometer batteries, sphygmomanometers and latex paints. inorganic mercu...

c Fig. 1. Serial MRI studies with FLAIR, diffusion-weighted imaging (b = 1,000 s/mm 2 ) and ADC (apparent diffusion coefficients) mapping from left to right at the delayed onset of postanoxic encephalopathy ( a ), 6 months ( b ) and 13 months ( c ). Some lesions in both frontal white matter and the anterior corpus callosum showed persistent decreased diffusivity on diffusion-weighted imaging an...

Objective: To estimate the association of umbilical cord lactate levels and pH with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in neonates born intrapartum asphyxia.
 Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
 Place Duration study: Pediatrics Department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from February 2021 to April 2022.
 Methodology: The study was conducted on sus...

Drug-induced encephalopathy is a disease entity often caused by impaired cerebral metabolism that is not attributed to structural brain lesions. However, some drug-induced encephalopathies can develop structural lesions and share other underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (table 2). Leading symptoms are acute or chronic disturbances of consciousness, brain function and personality changes w...

Hypertensive encephalopathy is an acute neurological syndrome caused by a sudden increase of systemic blood pressure (1, 2). The imaging abnormalities are predominant in the parieto-occipital subcortical white matter. The clinical and radiological abnormalities are reversible after antihypertensive treatment (3). Therefore, hypertensive encephalopathy has been called posterior reversible enceph...

In a nine year necropsy study in Western Australia, the incidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy was 2.8%. The incidence appears to be increasing. Although Wernicke's encephalopathy is a nutritional disorder, the majority of cases occur in the alcoholic population. Only 20% of the 131 cases studied had been diagnosed clinically as Wernicke's encephalopathy. This large discrepancy between numbers ...