in general sense, development means improving material and spiritual levels of human society and creating the proper conditions of a healthy life for all people of a society. according to this, development includes cultural, political, social and economic aspects which incorporates qualitative and quantitative changes and yet it can be considered a relative concept from both internal and extern...

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0129365. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Larry V. Hedges, Northwestern University, WCAS Statistics Education & Social Policy Institute for Policy Research, Annenberg Hall EV2610, Evanston, IL 60208. ([email protected]) Citation: Hedges, L. & Hedberg, E.C. (2007, Au...

share of income inequality.1 In part, today’s rural–urban gap reflects the institutional legacies of socialism. Beginning in the 1950s, Communist Party leaders clearly separated urban and rural residents through a strictly enforced residential permit (hukou) system (see chapter 3), establishing urban and industrial development as the main objective of economic planning. Urban workers were provi...

Voluntary use of family planning is instrumental to the health and social well-being of women, families and communities.Although contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa is increasing, unmet need for family planning remains high. Even within countries that have achieved increases in contraceptive prevalence, use remains low among some population subgroups. Contraceptive prevalence is generally l...

The gathering of rural type in Guilan plains is a kind of planning for physical development of rural settlements that aims at changing dwellers' lifestyle from a dispersed to a semi-dispersed state. This change will reduce the problems and difficulties of villages. In addition, it is an optimal way to exploit the resources and facilities for making a desirable spatial organization for villagers...

The increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance in hospital-acquired infections is a major public health concern that has both biological and economic causes. Here we develop conceptual mathematical models that couple the economic incentives and population biology of hospital infection control (HIC). We show that the optimal investment by a hospital for HIC changes with the proportion of pati...

Some of the most important characters in convenience are economic, social equity and optimal distribution of facilities of development among people in societies. Planners are, in different societies in direction for decreasing inequity and poverty, designing many plans. Fundamental steps in design' planning for capturing these goals is paying more attention to plans with an approach to reality ...