objective(s) in the present study, the differences in the relaxant effects of aqueous, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of rosa damascena on tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pigs were examined. materials and methods the relaxant effects of three cumulative concentrations of each fraction (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g%) in comparison with saline and three cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0....

In the 14 July 1997, issue of Lancet, Schlemper et al. [1] reported a study in which four Japanese and four Western pathologists (from the United States, Canada, Germany, and Finland) compared their diagnoses of gastric biopsy and resection specimens having epithelial lesions ranging from reactive, through preneoplastic, to invasive carcinoma. These pathologists independently classified microsc...

Lateral electrochemical metallization (ECM) cells are fabricated with a combined spacer/damascene process. The process allows the realization of nanoscale geometrical distances between two electrodes independent lithography. Such lateral ECM an essential part in reconfigurable interconnect system that may yield strongly increased connectivity artificial neural networks. show memristive properti...

The electromigration short-length effect in dual-damascene Cu interconnects has been investigated through experiments on lines of various lengths (L), being stressed at a variety of current densities (j), and using a technologically realistic three-level structure. This investigation represents a complete study of the short-length effect after a well-developed dual-damascene Cu process. Lifetim...