This study demonstrates the use of environmental tracers (Water isotopes-δ 18 O–δ 2 H, Radon- 222 Rn, and Electrical Conductivity-EC) as complementary tools for backtracking water source, estimating pipe residence time, monitoring instability quality. Using capital Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, a case site, we demonstrate that isotopes (δ O andδ H) effectively backtrack tap to its source (springs, res...