We analyze the setting of monetary and nonmonetary policies in monetary unions. We show that in these unions a time inconsistency problem in monetary policy leads to a novel type of free-rider problem in the setting of nonmonetary policies, such as labor market policy, fiscal policy, and bank regulation. The free-rider problem leads the union’s members to pursue lax nonmonetary policies that in...

To create a safe bicycle infrastructure system, this article develops an intelligent embedded learning system using combination of deep neural networks. The is used as case study in the Northumbria region England’s northeast. It made up three components: (a) input data unit, (b) knowledge processing and (c) output unit. demonstrated that various characteristics influence bikers’ interactions, w...

This paper construct a database of the national representative level of a professional horse-rider by wearing a motion-capture suit attached with 16 inertial sensors under an inertial sensor-based wireless network environment, then make a visual comparative analysis on the values of all motion features (elbow angle, knee angle, knee-elbow distance, backbone angle and hip position) classified de...

This paper proposes an interactive bike simulator of 2-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) mechanisms with dynamic platform driven by changing cable length and its application to virtual reality for the rider in the virtual environments. The bike motion equations and road conditions in virtual bike driving can be calculated and analyzed by using numerical methods and software of the virtual reality. We al...

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of routine dental occlusal equilibration treatment on dressage horse performance. Sixteen horses (11 treated; 5 untreated) ridden by a single rider performed a standardized dressage test twice and were scored by two experienced dressage judges according to recognized movements and rider cues. All horses were sedated and a full-mouth spec...

A relevant research issue in naturalistic studies is related to analysis and evaluation of the huge data recorded during the experiment. A procedure to identify critical events of PTW is presented and tested using parameters measured or derived by GPS. Raw measures of speed, position and time are copied directly from the data string stored by the GPS in National Marine Electronics Association (...

Cohesive subgraph detection is an important graph problem that is widely applied in many application domains, such as social community detection, network visualization, and network topology analysis. Most of existing cohesive subgraph metrics can guarantee good structural properties but may cause the free-rider effect. Here, by free-rider effect, we mean that some irrelevant subgraphs are combi...