background and aims: rubella virus is a human pathogen that causes congenital rubella syndrome (crs) when infection occurs during early pregnancy. vaccination programs have been remarkably successful in controlling natural rubella infection and crs. moreover, ongoing surveillance for all cases of rubella and crs is a vital component of a prevention program. although the who recommends the use o...

avian pneumovirus (apv) causes turkey rhinotracheitis (trt) and swollen head syndrome (shs) of chickens, which is usually accompanied by secondary bacterial infections that increase mortality. in iran, some serological studies indicated that apv infection is endemic in commercial poultry industry. in this study we diagnosed apv genome molecularly in suspected broiler flock (4 weeks) in iran and...

Background: The intestinal tract of human can be infected by protozoan parasites. In this short communication, the stool samples were collected from patients with diarrhea referred to Kut hospital, Iraq, and then the parasites (Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum) were considered for molecular identification. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 69 patients wit...

boophilus genus ticks are responsible for transferring some pathogens and reducing production factors in cattle. tropomysin (tpm) protein has actin regulator activity and playing important role in immune and allergic reactions. the main goal is to determine different aspects of phylogenetic, similarity, homology, structure and allergenicity of tpm protein. in prior study, we identified tpm by u...

Background and Aims: The Inclusion Body Hepatitis disease (IBH) is one of the prevalent illnesses in our country these days and reported from different regions of Iran. In addition to its fatality, the importance of this disease is disturbing the vaccination program in poultry, especially broiler chickens, against other diseases like infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Newcastle disease (ND). T...