Embryonic morphogenesis involves the coordinate behaviour of multiple cells and requires the accurate balance of forces acting within different cells through the application of appropriate brakes and throttles. In C. elegans, embryonic elongation is driven by Rho-binding kinase (ROCK) and actomyosin contraction in the epidermis. We identify an evolutionary conserved, actin microfilament-associa...

The biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix causes coffee leaf rust (CLR), one of the most devastating diseases in Coffea arabica . Coffee, like other plants, has developed effective mechanisms to recognize and respond infections caused by pathogens. Plant resistance gene analogs (RGAs) have been identified certain plants as candidates for ( R ) genes or membrane receptors that activate genes. RGA...

Gibberellin (GA) plays important roles in regulating many aspects of plant development. GA derepresses its signaling pathway by promoting the degradation of DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors. Although the floral organ identity is established in flowers of the GA-deficient mutant ga1-3, the growth of all floral organs is severely retarded. In particular, abortive anther devel...

Control of fungal diseases is a major constraint of cut-rose cultivation in greenhouses and in transportation around the world. Therefore, development of resistant cultivars is a promising way to reduce the use of chemicals required for controlling the diseases. Genetic analyses and breeding for resistance, however, are hampered by the high degree of heterozygosity and the polyploid nature of c...

The root system is an essential organ for taking up water and nutrients and anchoring shoots to the ground. On the other hand, the root system has rarely been regarded as breeding target, possibly because it is more laborious and time-consuming to evaluate roots (which require excavation) in a large number of plants than aboveground tissues. The root growth angle (RGA), which determines the dir...

This paper studies the vanishing of $Ext$ modules over group rings. Let $R$ be a commutative noetherian ring and $ga$ a group. We provide a criterion under which the vanishing of self extensions of a finitely generated $Rga$-module $M$ forces it to be projective. Using this result, it is shown that $Rga$ satisfies the Auslander-Reiten conjecture, whenever $R$ has finite global dimension and $ga...

This paper proposes an application of real coded genetic algorithm (RGA) to reactive power planning (RPP). Several techniques have been developed to make RGA practicable to solve a real power system problem and other practical problems. The proposed approach has been used in the IEEE 30-bus system. Simulation results, compared with those obtained by using the evolutionary programming(EP), are p...