Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is being presented as a miracle-drug for the treatment of women responding poorly to gonadotrophin stimulation, while the debate on its actual effectiveness is still ongoing. We would like to present how insufficient the current evidence of acceptable quality is to warrant a conclusion that DHEA supplementation is an effective treatment for women with diminished ov...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong progressive neurologic disease typically diagnosed between ages 20 and 40 years: a time when persons are striving to accomplish normative goals of young adulthood (e.g., establishing a career).More than half ofMS patients suffer cognitive decline [for review, see Ref. (1)] especiallymemory problems and cognitive inefficiency (e.g., slowed processing speed, ...

Aggregation of reserve networks is generally considered desirable for biological and economic reasons: aggregation reduces negative edge effects and facilitates metapopulation dynamics, which plausibly leads to improved persistence of species. Economically, aggregated networks are less expensive to manage than fragmented ones. Therefore, many reserve-design methods use qualitative heuristics, s...

Since 2001, the US military has increasingly relied on National Guard and reserve component forces to meet operational demands. Differences in preparation and military engagement experiences between active component and reserve component forces have long suggested that the psychiatric consequences of military engagement differ by component. We conducted a systematic review of prevalence and new...

We conducted 80 auctions on eBay. Forty of these auctions were for various popular music CDs while the remaining 40 auctions were for video games for Microsoft’s Xbox gaming console. The revenue equivalence theorem states that any auction form having the same effective reserve price yields the same expected revenue. The effective reserve price on eBay consists of three components: the opening b...

It is generally perceived that biodiversity is better protected from human activities after an area is designated as a protected area. However, we found that this common perception was not true in Wolong Nature Reserve (southwestern China), which was established in 1975 as a "flagship" protected area for the world-renowned endangered giant pandas. Analyses of remote sensing data from pre- and p...

To combat the financial crisis that intensified in the fall of 2008, the Federal Reserve injected a substantial amount of liquidity into the banking system. The resulting increase in reserve balances exerted downward price pressure in the federal funds market, and the effective federal funds rate began to deviate from the target rate set by the Federal Open Market Committee. In response, the Fe...

Recently the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System solicited comment on a proposal to return to a lagged reserve requirement structure such as that in effect from September 1968 until February 1984. Under such a system the reserve computation period would end well before the beginning of the reserve maintenance period. Individual depository institutions would know their required rese...

The monetary base typically is defined as a measure of the money-supply "impulse" originating from the stock of high-powered, central-bank money. In addition to nonbanks' demand for hand-to-hand currency, banks have demanded base money in the United States since 1913 to satisfy two needs. One is a reserve need, to fulfill a Federal Reserve regulatory requirement. The other is an operational nee...