Abstract:
 This study focused on the traditional method adopted by Iraq in preparing general budget light of developments volume resources and spending so that it is not consistent with accompanying weakness amounts spent investment projects, which can negatively affect future generations enable them to continue development , requires investing state’s public revenues projects such as infr...

the purpose of present paper was to examine the relationship between central bank independence and inflation rate in iran over 1960-2008. first, central bank independence has been accomplished through three indices including legal and real cbi indices and turnover rate of central bank governor index. then, augmented dickey-fuller test for model stationary of variables has been done by applying ...

in regional level, iran-iraq war had a great impact on neighboring states' foreign policy approach, especially on gulf arab states. these states adopted a new approach in their relations with iran and iraq considering the ideological and revolutionary threat of iran. after iraqi invasion against iran, gulf arab states affected by nationalism movement, sported iraq extensively. their policy...

the objective of this paper is to shed light on the islamic republic of iran's foreign policy toward the middle east in the period 1979-2007. iran's relations with pakistan and turkey within the framework of eco can be defined as friendly and neighborly since the revolution. iran- iraq ties until 2003 can only be termed as antagonistic and conflict-prone. in 1980-1988, the two neighbo...

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a supreme pathogen in tropical and subtropical areas. During 2014-2015, a total of 393 tomato samples showing Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) symptoms were collected from six different provinces of Iraq. In serological assays, 55 out of 393 samples (14%) reacted positively with TYLCV-specific antibodies .The presence of TYLCV was verified in 21 (...

due to frequent threats of israel by iraq and its approach to attain nuclearweapons, israel destroyed iraq’s atomic installations in 1982 .during 1990szionist regime and its followers asked u.s to resolve once and remove iraqthreats over israel .in 2003 after iraq occupation zionist regime took irannuclear activities under control closely and approached to syria and turkey .israel tries to put ...

Earlier this year, Hans Rosling, Professor of International Health at the Karolinska Institute, Sweden, delivered the 2008 International Health Lecture for the Academy of Medical Sciences in London, a lecture entitled “A factbased world view”. Rosling co-founded the Gapminder project (http://www. gapminder.org/): animated software that makes a multitude of quantitative datasets visible and mean...