The inclusivity, exclusivity, and detection limit of six 16S rRNA gene-based Helicobacter genus-specific PCR assays were examined. Five out of six assays were 100% inclusive, but the tests varied considerably in their exclusivity (9.1 to 95.5%). The clinical detection limit varied between 10(3) and 1 viable bacterial cell per reaction mixture.

We model competition between content distributors (platforms) for content providers, and show that whether or not content is exclusive or “multihomes” depends crucially on whether or not content providers maintain control over their own pricing to consumers: if content providers sell their content outright and relinquish control, they will tend to be exclusive; on the other hand, if content pro...

An utterance of (2a) means of course that there is only one author of Waverley – indeed, that is most likely one’s point when one uses (2a). But (2b) can mean that there is strictly more than one author of Waverley, on the reading that can be paraphrased, ‘It’s not the case that only Scott is an author of Waverley’. In (2c) the question may concern the number of authors; if the answer is no, th...

This Article contributes to an ongoing academic and public policy dialogue over whether and on what terms U.S. law should provide “data exclusivity” for new medicines. Five years after a new drug has been approved on the basis of an extensive application that may have cost more than one billion dollars to generate, federal law permits submission of a much smaller application to market a duplica...

False feedback on choices has been documented to induce lasting preference change. Here we extend such effects to the political domainand investigatethetemporal persistence of induced preferences, as well as, the possible role the length of confabulatory justifications may play. We conducted a twoday choice blindness experiment using political statements, with sessions being roughly one week ap...

We study optimal allocation and pricing on a network of competing buyers. Buyers have private information about the value of an item being sold (such as franchise contract, good, service). Furthermore, buyers place a premium on obtaining the item exclusively, i.e., if no competitors obtain the item at the same time. We show that the seller limited to offering posted price contracts should infla...

The classical setting of query answering either assumes the existence of just one knowledge requester, or the knowledge requests from different parties are treated independently from each other. This assumption does not always hold in practical applications where requesters often are in direct competition for knowledge. We propose a formal model for this type of scenario by introducing the Mult...

Estimations of global fungal diversity are hampered by a limited understanding of the forces that dictate host exclusivity in saprobic microfungi. To consider this problem for Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma found in the flower heads of Protea in South Africa, we determined the role of various factors thought to influence their host exclusivity. Results showed that various biotic and abiotic facto...

There is a vexing oversight at the end of Book V of the Republic. Socrates engages in a discussion ‘with’ or about the Lovers of Sights and Sounds, in order distinguish philosophers from the seekers of any new experience whatsoever. He’ll do this by showing that there is a difference between knowing, knowledge (γιγνῶσκειν, γνῶσις, ἐπιστήμη) and judging or belief (δοξάζειν, δόξα). This argument ...