Journal of Environmental Hydrology Volume 19 Paper 14 May 2011 1 Restoration of large tracts of cropland to tallgrass prairie in north-central USA suggests that conversion will reduce runoff, infiltration, and groundwater recharge. In northwestern Minnesota, U.S.A., physically similar, adjacent native prairie (control) and cultivated sites were instrumented with time-domain reflectometry probes...

An assessment of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) for measuring the characteristic impedance ZTL of transmission lines is performed. The assessment includes the accuracy of measuring ZTL as a function of TDR electrical impedance Zo, the ability to measure impedance perturbations as a function of ZTL and Zo, and the ability to differentiate between transmission lines of similar ZTL. The informati...

Energy conservation is among society’s greatest challenges, and the built environment has a concentrated impact on our natural environment, economy, and health. Fundamental understandings of how energy is consumed, monitored, and controlled are key prerequisites for an energy conservation process. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of real-time energy monitors (RTM) to influence behavior ch...

This paper presents a model-based approach to determine dielectric constants from time domain reflectometry TDR measurement in highly conductive soils. It makes use of information contained in the TDR signal from the reflection at the surface of the soil rather than the reflection from the end of the probe. The TDR method is widely used to determine the volumetric water content of soils. Common...

Digitized images of the optic disc, acquired videographically (Rodenstock Analyzer) under green (540 nm) and red (640 nm) illumination, were used to quantify optic disc pallor. The pallor density of each pixel was defined as twice the reflectance under green illumination divided by the sum of the reflectance under red and green illumination. Pallor densities can range from 0 (red) to 1 (white);...

A method for the prediction of time-domain signatures of chafed coaxial cables is presented. The method is quasi-static in nature, and is thus efficient enough to be included in inference and inversion routines. Unlike previous models proposed, no restriction on the geometry or size of the chafe is required in the present approach. The model is validated and its speed is illustrated via compari...

We propose a novel method to improve the spatial resolution of Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR), referred to as synthetic BOTDR (S-BOTDR), and experimentally verify the resolution improvements. Due to the uncertainty relation between position and frequency, the spatial resolution of a conventional BOTDR system has been limited to about one meter. In S-BOTDR, a synthetic spect...

Neutron reflectometry has been successfully used to study adsorption on a stainless steel surface by means of depositing a thin steel film on silicon. The film was characterized using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), TOF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry), and GIXRD (grazing incidence X-ray diffraction), demonstrating the retention both of the austenitic phase and of t...