background: miscarriage is one of the most common pregnancy complications for which various causes have been defined, such as genetic factors, infectious, metabolic, endocrine systemmal function and immune system undesired responses. the early development of embryo occurs in oviduct and uterine tube from which some factors such as growth factors, glyco-proteins and factors those stimulate devel...

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) defined as of two or more pregnancies is one the reasons why couples visit an ART clinic. 2-5% RPL cases show abnormal parental karyotype. Folic acid essential B vitamin involved in processes fundamental importance for cell division and embryo development. deficiency can have effect on many oocyte development, acquisition endometrial receptivity, implantation also...

background: improvement of assisted reproductive technique (art) results in higher pregnancy rates from positive beta hcg to take home baby statistics. despite developments in culture media allowing blastocyst stage transfer, some centers apply second, third and sometimes fourth day post injection for embryo transfer. this study aimed to compare their reproductive outcomes.   methods : this pro...

  Background: Improvement of assisted reproductive technique (ART) results in higher pregnancy rates from positive Beta HCG to take home baby statistics. Despite developments in culture media allowing blastocyst stage transfer, some centers apply second, third and sometimes fourth day post injection for embryo transfer. This study aimed to compare their reproductive outcomes.   Methods : This p...

Background Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is usually defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 20th gestational week. Many etiological factors have been considered as cause of RPL including genetic factors, uterine anatomical defects, endocrine abnormalities, thrombotic and immunologic factors. Nevertheless, the cause of RPL remains unknown in around half of the patients desp...

Guidelines for cases of miscarriage or intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) where genetic analysis of the embryo, fetus, or stillborn infant is indicated are based on guidelines from several reproductive health organizations, including the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM, 2013; ASRM, 2012), the National Society of Genetic Counselors (Laurino, 2005), and the American College of Obst...

Background: Preimplantation genetic aneuploidy screening (PGS) has been performed during the last decade as a way of enhancing embryo selection in patients with an increased incidence of embryonic numerical chromosome abnormalities (advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, and recurrent implantation failure). It has been proposed that the replacement of euploid embryos in these patients wo...

  Background : Glenoid bone damages consisting of anterior rim erosion and bony avulsion are very important in decision making for treatment of recurrent dislocation in shoulder joint. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of these damages in patients with anterior recurrent shoulder dislocation.   Methods : The study was a cross-sectional study evaluating patients with unstable shou...

Recurrent abortion is classically defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses, although recently more than two pregnancy losses also considered as recurrent abortions. This condition affects approximately 1% of couples at reproductive age. Recurrent pregnancy loss has been attributed to anatomic uterine pathologies, genetic defects, endocrine disorders, immunologic factors, prothrombo...