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Studies have revealed abnormalities in resting-state functional connectivity in those with major depressive disorder specifically in areas such as the dorsal anterior cingulate, thalamus, amygdala, the pallidostriatum and subgenual cingulate. However, the effect of antidepressant medications on human brain function is less clear and the effect of these drugs on resting-state functional connecti...

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), winter type, is a condition characterized by the annual recurrence of depressive episodes during fall/winter, alternating with spring/summer euthymia or hypomania. Various neurotransmitters have been implicated in the etiology of SAD, the strongest evidence involving serotonin. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the potential role of catecholamine...

OBJECTIVE Antidepressants that increase serotonin or norepinephrine in the brain are effective in treating depression, but there is no neuropsychological account of how these changes relieve depressive states. Cognitive theories suggest that biases in information processing lead depressed patients to make unrealistically negative judgments about themselves and the world. METHOD A single dose ...

BACKGROUND The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been proposed as an electrophysiological marker for assessing serotonergic function in vivo in humans, although accumulating evidence suggests that it is insensitive to acute changes in serotonergic neurotransmission. Very little is known about the sensitivity of the LDAEP to other neurotransmitter systems including...

The obtained results revealed that joint administration of desipramine or reboxetine and metyrapone (a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor) had more potent antidepressant-like activity in the forced swimming test (FST) in rats compared to treatment with either drug alone. WAY100636 (a 5-HT(1A) antagonist), and prazosin (an alpha(1)-adrenergic antagonist), used in doses ineffective in the FST, in...

Amphetamine withdrawal can induce a condition with the symptoms of major depression. We report the case of a 46-year-old woman with antecedents of abuse of amphetamines and amphetamine derivatives from age 16 to age 41, who in the 5 years since withdrawal presented recurrent depression resistant to treatment. She was treated with maximum doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and lith...

BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that influence of antidepressants on analgesic action of opioids is heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute and repeated (21 days) antidepressant (amitriptyline, moclobemide and reboxetine) treatment on the antinociceptive action of morphine, an opioid agonist, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neuropathic pain model. METH...

The HKR of racemic syn- or anti- alkoxy- and azido epoxides catalyzed by Co(salen) complex affords a practical access to a series of enantioenriched syn- or anti- alkoxy- and azido epoxides and the corresponding 1,2-diols. This strategy has been successfully employed in the concise, enantioselective synthesis of bioactive molecules such as (S,S)-reboxetine and (+)-epi-cytoxazone.