We report a novel hyperspectral optical sensor capable of providing image information with four degrees of freedom (4D), i.e. volumetric spatial information and spectral information simultaneously, in real time. The imaging principle is based on the diffraction properties of volume holographic optical elements designed as spatial-spectral filters. The 4D imager can be configured to image object...

physical properties of agricultural products such as volume are the most important parameters influencing grading and packaging systems. they should be measured accurately as they are considered for any good system design. image processing and neural network techniques are both non-destructive and useful methods which are recently used for such purpose. in this study, the images of apples were ...

In this paper the classic theory of matrices of real elements (see e.g. [12], [13]) is developed. We prove selected equations that have been proved previously for matrices of field elements. Similarly, we introduce in this special context the determinant of a matrix, the identity and zero matrices, and the inverse matrix. The new concept discussed in the case of matrices of real numbers is the ...

This paper provides an asymptotic estimate for the expected number of real zeros of a random algebraic polynomial a0 + a1x + a2x + ···+ an−1xn−1. The coefficients aj ( j = 0,1,2, . . . ,n− 1) are assumed to be independent normal random variables withmean zero. For integers m and k = O(logn)2 the variances of the coefficients are assumed to have nonidentical value var(aj) = ( k−1 j−ik ) , where ...

Similarity and consimilarity of elements in the real quaternion, octonion, and sedenion algebras, as well as in the general real Cayley-Dickson algebras are considered by solving the two fundamental equations ax = xb and ax = xb in these algebras. Some consequences are also presented. AMS mathematics subject classifications: 17A05, 17A35.

The question of how many elements of a real positive stable matrix must be positive is investigated. It is shown that any real stable matrix of order greater than 1 has at least two positive entries. Furthermore, for every stable spectrum of cardinality greater than 1 there exists a real matrix with that spectrum with exactly two positive elements, where all other elements of the matrix can be ...

Let $ { mathcal{R}} L$ be the ring of real-valued continuous functions on a frame $L$ as the pointfree  version of $C(X)$, the ring of all real-valued continuous functions on a topological space $X$. Since $C_c(X)$ is the largest subring of $C(X)$ whose elements have countable image, this motivates us to present the pointfree  version of $C_c(X).$The main aim of this paper is to present t...