The thin-film x-ray standing wave ~XSW! technique is used for an atomic-scale study of polarization switching in ferroelectric Pb~Zr0.3Ti0.7!O3 ~PZT!/electrode heterostructures grown on SrTiO3(001). The XSW is selectively generated in the PZT by the interference between the incident x-ray wave and the weak ~001! Bragg diffracted wave from the film. The XSW excites a fluorescence signal from the...

The charge state and local ordering of Mn doped into a pulsed laser deposited single-phase thin film of ZnO are investigated by using x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the O K-edge, Mn K-edge and L-edge, and x-ray emission spectroscopy at the O K-edge and Mn L-edge. This film is ferromagnetic at room temperature. EXAFS measurement shows that Mn(2+) replaces the Zn site in tetrahedral symmetry, a...

A homoepitaxic single-crystal diamond (111) film grown by microwave-assisted chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and fractured along the [110] directions to form small triangles was investigated by X-ray double-crystal topography. The X-ray topographic image showed that all parts of the cleaved CVD diamond film sections uniformly reflected X-rays at the peak position of the rocking curve, which wa...

In ISO9236-1 there is no description of the processing method for the sensitometric determination of an x-ray film by the film-screen combination method. But it states that when the film-screen combination system is being determined, either manual processing or automatic processing can be adopted. The different processing procedures will result in wide different sensitivities and average gradie...

We present experimental evidence for a three-dimensional noncollinear antiferromagnetic spin structure in ultrathin single-crystalline fcc Fe50Mn50 layers using magnetic circular dichroism photoelectron emission microscopy and x-ray magnetic linear dichroism. Layer-resolved as-grown domain images of epitaxial trilayers grown on Cu(001) in which FeMn is sandwiched between ferromagnetic layers wi...

Various amounts of strain and lattice deformation were introduced into <111> Si substrates by the deposition of amorphous Si films of different thicknesses. Strain and deformation are concentrated along the film edges and were recorded as contrast in double-crystal X-ray topograph (DXRT) images. The contrast in the DXRT images was measured and was related to lattice deformation by means of the ...

The Mn K edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films with different thicknesses on (001) LaAlO3 substrate was measured, and the effects of strain relaxation on film properties were investigated. The films showed in-plane compressive and out-of-plane tensile strains. Strain relaxation occurred with increasing film thickness, affecting both lattice constant and MnO...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of an initial staging chest x-ray film in asymptomatic patients who present with localized primary cutaneous melanoma. DESIGN The staging workup of 1032 consecutive asymptomatic patients with localized melanoma was retrospectively reviewed via database chart review. SETTING Regional melanoma referral center in an academic medical center. PATIENTS The melanoma...

generally arranged at a distance of 0.1 nm to 0.5 nm from one another. When such a substance is irradiated with X-rays having a wavelength roughly equivalent to the interatomic or intermolecular distance, the Xray diffraction phenomenon will take place. X-ray diffraction is widely used in the semiconductor field because it is nondestructive and yields crystal structure information relatively ea...

Commercially available radiochromic films are primarily designed for clinical X-ray dosimetry. These films change color upon exposures to radiation as a result of solid-state polymerization (SSP). Built on a previous model developed for SSP upon exposures to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a new model was developed in the present work for X-ray-induced coloration in Gafchromic EBT3 films. Monte Car...