PURPOSE To evaluate the use of Bayesian adaptive randomization for clinical trials of new treatments for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. METHODS We built a response-adaptive randomization procedure, adapting on two preliminary outcomes for tuberculosis patients in a trial with five experimental regimens and a control arm. The primary study outcome is treatment success after 73 weeks from ra...

BACKGROUND Quasi-randomization might expedite recruitment into trials in emergency care settings but may also introduce selection bias. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library and other databases for systematic reviews of interventions in emergency medicine or urgent care settings. We assessed selection bias (baseline imbalances) in prognostic indicators between treatment groups in trials us...

Therefore, if randomization is successful, a simple comparison among the observed potential outcomes is the causal effect. In other words, randomization helps simple two-sample test report causal inference results. In causal DAG, successful randomization means that there are no arrows from confounders to the exposure variable. This means that regardless of conditions of confounders, the exposur...

The ARMOR (Assistant for Randomized Monitoring Over Routes) project has been developing methods for creating randomized plans and processes, so that even if an attacker observes the plans over time, he/she cannot predict its progression or how it will unfold in the future, thus providing risk reduction while guaranteeing a certain level of protection quality. Our key research accomplishments ha...

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Although they lie at the conceptual core of a wide range of scientific questions, the notions of irregular or "random" arrangement and the process of randomization itself have never been unambiguously defined. Algorithmic implementation of these concepts requires a combinatorial, rather than a probability-theoretic, formulation. We introduce vector versions of approximate entropy to quantify th...