Abstract—A fuel injection system to drive a common rail injector was developed using an 8-bit microprocessor. Common rail pressure control and injector driving systems are both essential for injecting fuel at a controlled pressure. With various duty ratios of the square wave generated from the CCP (capture compare PWM) pin of a microprocessor to the common rail pressure controller, the common r...

Inspection of the rail state in order to detect defects is one of the basic tasks in railway maintenance. Rail defects exhibit different properties and are divided in various categories relating to the type and position of flaws on the rail. In this paper, we propose a technique, based on texture analysis of rail surface, to detect and classify a particular class of defects: corrugation.

The rail gun is an electromagnetic device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy for accelerating the projectile to hypervelocity. In order to accelerate the projectile between the conducting rails, it uses the magnetic field generated by the rail current. The rail gun consists of two parallel conductors called the rails that are bridged by a non-ferromagnetic conductor called a...

Design trade-offs for a low-voltage two-stage amplifier in the HP CMOS14 process are presented and some of the issues of low-voltage analog design are discussed. The design of a new constant-transconductance input stage that has a rail-to-rail common-mode input range is described, along with the rail-to-rail class-AB output stage. The performance specifications and area of this amplifier are co...

Lubrication on sharp curves has been commonly adopted as a method of reducing friction between the wheel flange and rail gauge face to minimize wear and energy consumption. Additionally, lubrication between the running surface of the low-rail and the wheel tread has recently been recognized as a significant factor in reducing the likelihood of low-rail corrugation, squealing noise and rail gaug...

In this paper a number of 4-bit, 8-operation arithmetic logic units (ALUs) are designed using the delayinsensitive NULL Convention Logic (NCL) paradigm, and are characterized in terms of speed and area. Both dualrail and quad-rail, pipelined and non-pipelined versions are developed, and the tradeoffs and design considerations for each are discussed. Comparing the various architectures shows tha...

Light rail systems have proliferated in Spain in the last decade, following a tendency that is common not only in other European countries but also in other parts of the world. This paper reviews the benefits of light rail systems, both related to environmental issues and mobility issues. It analyses the evolution of light rail projects in Spain and shows that light rail systems in this country...

Dual-rail encoding, return-to-spacer protocol and hazard-free logic can be used to resist differential power analysis attacks by making the power consumption independent of processed data. Standard dual-rail logic uses a protocol with a single spacer, e.g. all-zeroes, which gives rise to power balancing problems. We address these problems by incorporating two spacers; the spacers alternate betw...

In present study, a mathematical model of the vehicle–floating slab track (FST) interaction is established to investigate the coupled behaviour of vehicle–track system. The FST is modelled as the double Euler -Bernoulli beam including the rail and slab. The railway vehicle is simplified as a multi-rigid-body model. The wheel–rail interface is treated using a nonlinear Hertzian contact model, co...