tolterodine tartrate, is a new, potent and competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist in clinical development for the treatment of urge incontinence and other symptoms of unstable bladder. the purpose of this study is to establish a reliable and quick method for the assignment of tolterodine tartrate by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (hplc-uv). a rapid and sen...

glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are widespread in fasciola. hepatica parasite and sheep liver tissue. study of gsts inhibition assays in f. hepatica and sheep liver tissue are a priority of chemotherapeutic targets in parasitic liver diseases including human fascioliasis in iran. in this research, the whole extract of f. hepatica and sheep liver tissues were purified and eluted for sodium dod...

1 MARCH 1986 591 When all results were considered together the urine tube immunoassay (Model) gave 100% sensitivity and specificity as well as 100% predictive values for normal and abnormal results. The serum tube enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, while showing 100% sensitivity, was less specific, and the dipsticks were intermediate in value. Comment Our results are sufficiently encouraging to...

proteases play a key role in protein digestion in ticks and other haematophagous insects. our understanding of blood meal digestion in digestive system of ticks can be very useful for better understanding of basic rules for control of ticks. cells of the midgut endocytose blood components. blood proteins uptake by midgut cells, suggesting the presence of proteases in the midgut cells. in this s...

Background The cyclic nucleotides adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) are well-known second messengers. They play an important role in signal transduction. They control numerous functions ranging from ion channel opening to regulation of gene expression. In 1963, cAMP and cGMP were detected in rat urine. Indeed, this was the first proof of...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major cause of death globally. It causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) characterized by relentless destruction of human immune system. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects the CD4 presenting cells of human immune system, such as, macrophages and dendritic cells. People die of AIDS because the disease remains undetectable for a long time ...

An approach has been developed for the analysis of hepatitis B viral (HBV) antigenic structure that creates numerical "signatures" of HBV strains. This technique employs high-affinity IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies (anti-HBsAg) directed toward distinct and separate determinants on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Such antibodies have been used to develop sensitive and specific radioimmun...

A cell suspension was prepared from immature rat ovaries by treatment with trypsin and collagenase. The isolated cells were capable of converting [8-14-C]adenine to cyclic [-14-C]AMP and the rate of this conversion was stimulated in vitro by luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropine, but not by prolactin, norepinephrine, dopamine or albumin. The accumulation of progesterone was al...

The maternal immunoglobulins acquired through the colostrum play a significant role in the defense mechanism of lamb against neonatal diseases until its own immune system is primed and produces significant amount of antibodies. The absorption of these immunoglobulins from the intestine is maximum during first six hours of life and no absorption occurs 24-36 hours postpartum. Neonatal lambs with...

Many pituitary hormones possess partial or complete immunological species specificity. Earlier reports suggested that thyrotropin (TSH) did not have such specificity since the biological activity of human pituitary or plasma TSH could be neutralized by antisera to bovine TSH in doses similar to that which blocked the biological activity of bovine TSH (2, 3). However, recent studies have shown t...