Recent evidence suggests that, in huntingtin and many other proteins, polyglutamine repeats are a toxic stimulus in neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate the mechanism by which these repeats may be toxic, we transfected primary rat cerebellar granule neurons with polyglutamine-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion constructs containing 19 (Q19-GFP), 35 (Q35-GFP), 56 (Q56-GFP), or 80 (Q80-...

An Empirical Study of the Relationships between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Openness This paper investigates the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and its causal relationships with economic growth and openness by using time series data (1971-2006) from China (an emerging market), Korea (a newly industrialized country), and Japan (a deve...

This paper offers a unifying conceptual framework for understanding the relationship between climate change and “within-country inequalities,” referred here collectively as “social inequality.” Available evidence indicates that this relationship is characterized by a vicious cycle, whereby initial inequality causes the disadvantaged groups to suffer disproportionately from the adverse effects o...

Pollution from consumption and production is an inevitable part of economic processes. We employ a materials balance approach and develop an endogenous growth theory, with recycling activity, to examine the evolution of the economic and environment systems. This paper provides feasibility and optimality conditions for sustainable economic growth with rising environmental quality. The fundamenta...

Hip bone fracture is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the older adults. It is necessary to establish a prediction model to provide suggestions for elders. However, fractures are related to many factors in different groups like disease, physical performance, environmental hazards, etc. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are suitable for this complex application. The ...

Between 1990 and 2008, air pollution emissions from U.S. manufacturing fell by 60 percent despite a substantial increase in manufacturing output. We show that these emissions reductions are primarily driven by within-product changes in emissions intensity rather than changes in output or in the composition of products produced. We then develop and estimate a quantitative model linking trade wit...

In the absence of a global agreement to reduce emissions, Australia has adopted a carbon tax unilaterally to curb its own emissions. During the debate prior to passing the carbon tax legislation, there were concerns about the challenge that Australia’s emissions intensive and trade exposed (EITE) industries may face in terms of decreasing international competitiveness due to the unilateral natu...

This paper presents a new approach for estimating the amount of carbon embodied in a product consumed in a given economy, taking account of where the inputs to that product were extracted and processed all along the supply chain. The method is generalized to apply to all factor inputs, including materials and energy, as well as pollutant emissions and can track not only the flows of factors and...

Tooth enamel, the hardest material in the human body, is formed within a self-assembled matrix consisting mostly of amelogenin proteins. Here we have determined the complete mouse amelogenin structure under physiological conditions and defined interactions between individual domains. NMR spectroscopy revealed four major amelogenin structural motifs, including an N-terminal assembly of four α-he...

This paper measures the response of bilateral trade flows to differences in industrial energy prices across countries. Using a panel for the period 1996-2011 including 42 countries, 62 sectors and covering 60% of global merchandise trade, we estimate the short-run effects of sector-level energy price asymmetry on trade. We find that changes in relative energy prices have a statistically signifi...