There are substantial differences across species in the organization and function of the motor pathways. These differences extend to basic electrophysiological properties. Thus, in rat motor cortex, pyramidal cells have long duration action potentials, while in the macaque, some pyramidal neurons exhibit short duration "thin" spikes. These differences may be related to the expression of the fas...

Several trap designs have been used for sampling and control of the tsetse fly, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on preferences of individual researchers and program managers with little understanding of the comparative efficiency and cost-effectiveness of trap designs. This study was carried out to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four commonly used trap desi...

introduction: considering the antiepileptogenic effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rtms), the effect of rtms applied during amygdala kindling on spontaneous activity of hippocampal ca1 pyramidal neurons was investigated. materials and methods: a tripolar electrode was inserted in basolateral amygdala of male wistar rats. after a recovery period, animals received daily kindli...

background: previous studies have shown morphological changes after intra peritoneal drug administration in human and animals. this study examines the effect of intrapretoneal nicotine administration on pyramidal neurons in area ca1of hippocampus. methods: the study included male wistar rats with the mean weigh of 220-250 g. nicotine was administered at a dose of 0.4 and 1.5 mg/kg, each for a p...

GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus express high levels of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but because of the diverse roles played by hippocampal interneurons, the impact of activation of these receptors on hippocampal output neurons (i.e., CA1 pyramidal cells) is unclear. Activation of hippocampal interneurons could directly inhibit pyramidal neuron activity but could also prod...

5-HT(1A) receptors (5-HT1AR) are expressed by pyramidal and γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Endogenous serotonin inhibits mPFC pyramidal neurons via 5-HT1AR while 5-HT1AR agonists, given systemically, paradoxically excite ventral tegmental area-projecting pyramidal neurons. This enhances mesocortical dopamine function, a process involved in the s...

Both circuit and single-cell properties contribute to network rhythms. In vitro, pyramidal cells exhibit theta-band membrane potential (subthreshold) resonance, but whether and how subthreshold resonance translates into spiking resonance in freely behaving animals is unknown. Here, we used optogenetic activation to trigger spiking in pyramidal cells or parvalbumin immunoreactive interneurons (P...

copper complexes of [cu(phen)(tda)].2h2o(1) and [(phen)2cu(µ-tda) cu(phen)](clo4)2.1.5h2o (2) (where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and tda2- is thiodiacetate) have been synthesized. both complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, ir, uv–vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. their solid state structures were determined by the single crystal x-ray diffraction method. complex 1 is mononu...