The reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) is located between cerebral cortex, motor thalamus and the basal ganglia and thought to be implicated in the inhibitory-mediated regulation of motor control. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative motor disorder caused by the significant degenerative loss of dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta. This loss results in abnormal electroph...

gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is an important inhibitory transmitter in central nervous system and is involved in pathophysiology of epilepsy. pentylenete-trazole (ptz), a convulsant agent, partly acts via anion channel of gabaa receptor. ivermectin, an antiparasitic agent and a gabaa agonist, has anticonvulsant effect in animal seizure models. cholestasis increases the threshold of ptz-induce...

Background: The aim of this study was to develop methods for cryopreservation and long-term maintenance of putative bovine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Materials and Methods: Putative bovine ESC (bESC) lines (n=3) isolated in conventional medium were used to compare slow-freezing and vitrification. Results: After warming, vitrified cells (96.9%) demonstrated significantly (p<0.05) better surviv...

background: bone marrow stromal stem cells (bmsc) are appropriate source of multipotent stem cells that are ideally suited for use in various cell-based therapies. it can be differentiated into neuronal-like cells under appropriate conditions. this study examined the effectiveness of co-stimulation of creatine and retinoic acid in increasing the differentiation of bmsc into gabaergic neuron-lik...

introduction: we previously shown that microinjection of glutamate into the hdb of rat elicited cardiovascular depressive responses. microinjection of ap5 (an nmda receptor antagonist, 2.5 mm, 50 nl) and cnqx (an ampa receptor antagonist, 1 mm, 50 nl) caused no significant changes in the blood pressure and heart rate. microinjection of bicuculline (bmi: a gabaa receptor antagonist, 1 mm, 50 nl)...

Background: Cell therapy of many neurodegenerative diseases using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) requires the differentiation of BMSC into neuronal subtype. However, the transdifferentiation of BMSC into GABAergic phenotype requires more investigation. Methods: In this study, BMSC of adult female rats were pre-induced into neuroblast-like cells using 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (βME) and 10 M re...

Limbic encephalitis is an adaptive autoimmune disease, induced by different autoantibodies, which target extracellular neuronal epitopes, such as NMDA or GABAB receptors1,2. Recently our group found another human antibody, which binds to the &alpha;1 subunit of the GABAA receptor. Since the GABAA receptor is responsible for the majority of fast inhibitory neurotransmission, we investigated chan...

this research was done to test the effect of rosa damascena essential oil on withdrawal signsof naloxone-precipitated morphine in male mice. morphine dependence was induced by injection(ip) three times daily at doses of 50, 50 and 75 mg/kg, respectively, for 3 days. on day 4,after the last administration of morphine, rosa damascena essential oil was administered atdifferent concentrations (5, 2...

INTRODUCTION The most common interpretation for the mechanisms of antidepression is the increase of the brain monoamine levels such as dopamine (DA). The increase of DA can reduce depression but it can also decrease the monoamine release because of autoreceptor inhibition. Although bupropion can decrease the dopamine release, there is evidence about stimulatory effects of chronic application of...