T T7 That is the future of our public space? Not an unreasonable question \ A/ to 35 k as we stand at the threshold of a new century. A hundred Y V years ago this question probably would not have crossed our minds. There was then no reason to be concerned about the future of public space, for it was a time when the urban park systems of many major U.S. cities were experiencing remarkable growth...

There has been much written about the “privatisation of public space”. This paper explores and challenges these narratives by questioning whether we have seen a privatisation at all. Through an analysis historic contemporary data, it concludes that, in London least, actually witnessed reverse, “public-isation private The goes on to ask what are management implications trend? It finds that negat...

Because of the limited capacity of coastal lands and conflicting interests among stakeholders for coastal resources, there are intensifying pressures to retain and provide more public access to the coast. Coastal gated communities have been developed increasingly in the middle shoreline of Caspian Sea in North of Iran. They are kind of exclusive space production as they restrict public access t...

during a very long period of time, civil engineers have been the only ones to be designated as the experts for underground space, while the planners and architects were the ones of the development at the surface. cities worldwide tend to overlook an invaluable asset that lies beneath their surfaces. most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer, bo...

urban green spaces are one of the most important services in modern cities and form a set of urban sustainable development factors which receive considerable attention from urban planners. this paper explains how land use can be optimally allocated to urban public green spaces. in this study, some of the factors influencing urban green spaces in a period from 1373 to 1384 were studied. moreover...