One of the major ideological debates in development centers on whether the provision of local public goods in developing countries should be made financially self-sustaining, as opposed to relying on international donors or national governments. Should external donors indefinitely fund activities that generate positive externalities, or can they be most effective by establishing institutions th...

This paper assesses total factor productivity (TFP) growth in India, examines the sources of productivity growth, including public and private investment, and estimates the rates of return to public investments in agriculture. The results show that significant TFP growth in the Indian crops sector was produced by investments -primarily in research -but also in extension, markets, and irrigation...

This report introduces a new class of Galois eld used to achieve fast nite eld arithmetic which we call an Optimal Extension Field (OEF). This approach is well suited for implementation of public-key cryptosystems based on elliptic and hyperelliptic curves on RISC workstations. We de ne OEFs and describe methods for their construction. In addition, we demonstrate that use of an OEF yields the f...

Abstract—As the higher security per bit compared with traditional symmetric-key cryptography, public-key cryptography has always been attractive in security system. But usually the cost is high and efficiency is low because of complex algorithm. Unlike common hardware solution based on FPGA or system on chip (SOC), an instruction set architecture (ISA) extension of embedded processor has been p...

A public random function is a random function that is accessible by all parties, in-cluding the adversary. For example, a (public) random oracle is a public random function{0, 1}∗ → {0, 1}. The natural problem of constructing a public random oracle from a pub-lic random function {0, 1} → {0, 1} (for some m > n) was first considered at Crypto 2005by Coron et al. who proved the se...

This contribution introduces a class of Galois eld used to achieve fast nite eld arithmetic which we call an Optimal Extension Field OEF This approach is well suited for implementation of public key cryptosystems based on elliptic and hyperelliptic curves Whereas previous reported optimizations focus on nite elds of the form GF p and GF m an OEF is the class of elds GF p for p a prime of specia...

This paper studies the problem of providing multiple public goods for agents with single-peaked preferences. A decision rule selects m points for the m identical public goods for every pro le of reported preferences. In Miyagawa (1998c) these multiple public goods are options, i.e., alternatives are compared by the most preferred goods according to the agents' preferences. In this paper agents ...

public diplomacy is an idiom that has been noticed increasingly in last decades due to extension of internet and satellite news networks. this type of diplomacy be used related to influence, guidance and mobilization of public opinion for the aims of governmental and non-governmental agents. in this article, the author tried to give analytical answer to this question: in spite of being newest, ...