Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland Department of Psychology, Mills College, Oakland, CA, USA Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, T...

Background: Bidirectional relationships between the immune system, nervous system, and psychological processes likely exist in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because stress can affect IBD, and IBD is associated with an increased risk of psychological difficulty. The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) sheds light on specific mechanisms that are involved in these relationships, and this resea...

Dr Irwin is Norman Cousins Professor in the department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences in the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and director and senior research scientist at the Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior. Dr Davis is professor and Dr Zautra is foundation professor in the...

The biopsychosocial model describes interactions between psychosocial and biological factors in the etiology and progression of disease. How an individual interprets and responds to the environment determines responses to stress, influences health behaviors, contributes to the neuroendocrine and immune response, and may ultimately affect health outcomes. Health psychology interventions are desi...