Since its discovery, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has had a huge impact on the farming industry. The virus that causes PRRS is Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), because of genetic diversity complexity immune response, eradication been challenge. To provide scientific references for PRRSV control vaccine development, this study describes processes PRRSV-ind...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease (PRRS) is an economically important disease around the globe; it has been estimated to cost the swine industry in USA approximately 560 million US dollars annually. It is well established that PRRS is caused by an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus known as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The inability to...

Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to ...

The innate immune system must recognize and rapidly respond to microbial pathogens, providing a first line of host defense. This is accomplished through an array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that reside in specific subcellular compartments and can bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns. PRRs also recognize self-molecules that are released after cell damage or death, known as dan...

Infection of cells by microorganisms activates the inflammatory response. The initial sensing of infection is mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors. The intracellular signaling cascades triggered by these PRRs lead to transcriptional expression of inflammatory mediators th...

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors serve as PRRs that recognize different but overlapping microbial components. They are expressed in different cellular compartm...

There is increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions that occur between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host innate immune cells. These cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which recognise mycobacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and which can influence the host immune response to the infection. Although many of the PRRs appea...

Despite early attempts to control the spread of the disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has now become endemic in many countries including Britain. The occurrence of subclinical herd infections, the prolonged circulation of virus within herds and probable aerogenic virus spread all mitigated against the success of control measures. The origin of the disease is unknown ...

The innate immune system is an evolutionally conserved host defense mechanism against pathogens. Innate immune responses are initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize microbial components that are essential for the survival of the microorganism. PRRs are germline-encoded, nonclonal, and expressed constitutively in the host. Different PRRs react with specific ligands and...

Vietnam is a major pork producing country in Asia, but the pig farmers’ livelihood was threatened by the pig disease; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). Data obtained from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (FAOSTAT), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and Information Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MAR...