DNAs from bacteria and variety of nonvertebrate organisms, including nematodes, mollusks, yeasts, and insects, cause polyclonal activation of murine B lymphocytes. Similar studies have not been reported for bovine B cells, and to date no studies have reported mitogenic properties of protozoal DNA for any species. However, we and others have observed that protozoal parasite antigens can induce t...

More than 20 years ago, biochemical analysis of the eukaryotic cell cytoskeleton revealed the major component proteins. The heterodimeric (α/β) protein tubulin was defined as the building block of microtubules, assembled in a polar manner into specifically arranged protofilaments in the microtubule wall [1]. The next two members of the tubulin protein superfamily were both discovered by genetic...

WHY TEST?  EPM is a neurological disease of the Americas. It is most commonly caused by the parasite Sarcocystis neurona and more rarely by Neospora hughesi.  The standard of practice for diagnosis is to perform a complete neurological exam, accompanied by laboratory tests that detect an immunological response to infection.  Testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with a paired serum, is more ...

background: we aimed to determine the status of strongyloidiasis in mentally disabled population in the institutional places in rasht city, the capital of guilan province, northern iran. methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted in 8 institutions for mentally retarded population in rasht in 2013. before collecting the samples, a questionnaire was filled out for each participant by an ex...

Diarrhoea is one of the top five causes death among paediatric and geriatric population in India. Bacterial, viral protozoal pathogens contaminating food water, or even opportunistic commensal microbes can lead to diarrhoeal infections. A number anti- infective antiparasitic agents are available for treating these However, they come along with their distinct side effects. Alternative systems me...