This paper analyses the relative role of protection and mitigation expenditures within the total costs of climate change induced sea level rise. It derives a rule of thumb to approximate the optimal level of protection. Economic efficiency requires that protection expenditures are designed such that the sum of protection costs plus remaining land loss damage is minimised. A formula is derived a...

in this paper, we develop a ramsey-type endogenous growth model in which government spending on property rights protection is a major determinant of economic growth. this model includes equations for welfare, private and public sectors production. we introduce the legal efficiency into private production function, and x-inefficiency parameter into public production function. also, we consider t...

An identity-based anonymous agent privacy protection scheme is proposed to deal with the problems of privacy information disclosure. In this paper, some analysis about the status quo of the privacy protection research in China and some partitioning of privacy data in ecommerce are given. We further illuminate the whole process of privacy protection by an ecommerce privacy protection scheme base...

A challenging issue for network communication is to provide uninterrupted network services even when a link failure occurs. Path protection offers a promising solution by employing a link-disjoint secondary backup path to protect the primary path. Existing path protection mechanisms can be classified into 1+1 protection, 1:1 protection 1:N protection and M:N protection. However, their implement...

the relationship between trade liberalisation and the environment has been the subject of a growing body of literature in recent years. as can be seen from the differing assessment of instrument types for environmental protection, one of the important factors for the relationship between environmental protection and economic competitiveness are regulatory stringency and efficiency. this concern...