Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) – intrauterine and progestogen-only implants injections are cost-effective reliable but uptake is still relatively low. This article summarises the main LARC products available in UK their advantages disadvantages.

OBJECTIVE Postmenopausal status increases some aspects of women's physiological responses to psychological stress; however, the influences of chronic hormone replacement with estrogen and progestogen on these responses are not known. We investigated possible effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), both with and without progestogen, on physiological reactivity to brief laborator...

Modern hormone replacement therapy (HRT) regimens contain oestrogen and progestogen, given either in a cyclical or continuous combined manner. Most endometrial biopsies from women on sequential HRT show weak secretory features. Approximately 15% show proliferative activity, although this figure may be less if more than nine days of progestogen is given in each cycle. A small proportion will sho...

Hormone replacement therapy may increase the quality of life of postmenopausal women. Any regimen need to offer long-term endometrial safety. It is a standard to consider the co-administration of a sequential progestogen when estrogen replacement should be initiated in non-hysterectomized women. It is almost impossible to decide which combination of an estrogen and a progestogen seems to be opt...

An excess intake of vitamin D2 can result in mobilization of calcium in the skeleton and increase the serum calcium level. This calcium is taken up by soft tissues such as arteries. The risk of calcium builds up in arteries, a significant component of atherosclerotic plaque. Many researches clarify the relationship between oral contraceptives and atherosclerosis. This study aims to evaluate the...

The progestogen-only pill (POP) is often a safe and effective option for women who prefer oral contraception but in whom combined hormonal unsuitable. This article outlines the choice of POPs available, their administration, efficacy adverse effects.

BACKGROUND Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive is a long-acting contraceptive given intramuscularly to give protection against unwanted pregnancy for a period of 2 or 3 months, depending on the type. Alterations in menstrual pattern are a well known side effect of this effective contraceptive method. OBJECTIVES To determine the characteristics of women accepting the method, complication...