This research was designed to investigate the effects of discourse markers on EFL Iranian learners' listening comprehension. Fifty eight male and female students took a pre-test as a proficiency test first, 39 students out of 58 are needed. To gain this aim, a language proficiency test, i.e., Nelson test will be given to the total participants. After calculating Mean and Standard Deviation, eac...

Teacher self-efficacy has been identified as an important characteristic of teachers that can positively influence both teacher and student outcomes. The relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy and their linguistic proficiency, however, is yet to be investigated. The present study was an attempt to examine the rather under-researched issue of teachers’ level of linguistic competence in the...

it is axiomatic that l2 teaching and learning is a process that requires dynamic involvement of l2 learners in the acquisition of knowledge and skills. l2 learners need to be assisted in setting individual learning goals. they should also be given the exposure to and guidance in effective language learning strategies (llss) in order to build a high level of confidence in the learning process. t...

This study examined the effect of language proficiency on repeated mention reduction in L2 English spontaneous speech by Korean native speakers. We found a significant effect of L2 proficiency on word duration in repeated mentions. Specifically, as with native English speakers (EN), Korean learners of English with high English proficiency (KH) reduced the duration of repeated words, while those...

BACKGROUND Minimal access surgery for gastrointestinal cancer has short-term benefits but is associated with a proficiency-gain curve. The aim of this study was to define national proficiency-gain curves for minimal access colorectal and oesophagogastric surgery, and to determine the impact on clinical outcomes. METHODS All adult patients undergoing minimal access oesophageal, colonic and rec...

With Grey relational analysis (GRA), the paper examined the sensitivity of eight variables influencing test performance at branch level. The eight variables involved included language proficiency, test anxiety, self-esteem, achievement motivation, achievement goal, English proficiency test anxiety (EPTA), state anxiety and trait anxiety. Results showed that: (a) Besides language proficiency, mo...

According to Oxford (1990), strategies are steps taken by students to enhance their own learning. This research attempted to investigate the impact of teaching vocabulary learning strategies on short-term and long-term retention of vocabulary items. The sample participants included 303 females randomly selected from one all-female governmental Pre-university school (PUC) in Iran. They were then...

This paper examines the reading strategies that four Chinese adult readers use in reading both Chinese and English texts. Their strategies they used are analyzed into two broad categories: the text-initiated strategies and the reader-initiated strategies. All participants demonstrated more strategy use in reading the English texts than in reading the Chinese text. In general, participants were ...