As the publicly financed pay-as-you-go pension systems in Europe come under increasing pressure, workers and politicians rediscover private savings for retirement in Europe – the provision of selffinanced rather than state-financed old-age insurance. This paper summarizes our knowledge about the retirement savings motive, and particularly the willingness of individuals to participate in volunta...

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, in the framework of the strategic groups’ literature, it analyses changes in productivity and efficiency of Spanish private and savings banks over an eight-year period (1998–2006). Second, by adapting the decomposition of the Malmquist productivity indices suggested by Färe et al. (1994), it proposes similar components decomposing the Luenberger prod...

Orientation: The neoclassical loanable funds theory predicts that fiscal deficits reduce the pool of available savings in economy, but heterodox scholarship disputes claim.Research purpose: paper sets out to test relationship between and private savings.Motivation for study: Scholars are divided on whether corporate South Africa is building up excess savings, with some arguing it not others bec...

Considering the fact that savings are very important for developing countries and they should be increased, in this study, effects of macroeconomic variables consisting economic growth rate, inflation real interest rate per capita income on private BRICS-T countries, have been examined with annual data 1996-2019 period. For purpose, firstly, cross-sectional dependency homogeneity situations bet...

Data from the National Health Interview Survey. In 2007, 17.3% of persons under 65 years of age with private health insurance were enrolled in a high deductible health plan (HDHP), 4.5% were enrolled in a consumer-directed health plan (CDHP), and 14.8% were in a family with a flexible spending account for medical expenses (FSA); Persons with directly purchased private health insurance were more...

This paper presents an empirical analysis of labor turnover in the U.S. federal bureaucracy. The results indicate that job experience in politically important federal agencies is valued by the private sector. Hence (high-level) bureaucrats employed in these agencies have high turnover probabilities. The analysis also shows that equalization of federal sector and private sector wage rates would ...

This paper aims to formulate the private travel behavior by an activity-based travel model and to valuate the travel-time savings of the private trip. The formulated model has a nested structure, consisting of two models: the one-day activity model and the weekly activity model, both of which are based on the constrained utility maximization. The former model allocates time and cost in a day un...

Utilization review (UR) has become a prominent approach to cost containment now used by almost 65% of private group insurance plans. Although insurers have increasingly relied on UR to contain health care costs, until recently little was known about the effects of this cost containment approach. This article reviews some of the key findings of a UR evaluation, based on analysis of claims data o...