application of ipr and the right of investigation about the claim of its infringement, need issuing some protective orders. mostly, this is for avoiding destruction of evidences which can be effective in proving the right of the plaintiff. the purpose of this study is to find out how can protect the third party’s right of privacy in the process of ipr enforcement. in common law, there are two i...

By taking out letters from a word we get a subword. Both continuous sub-words (also called factors or simply subwords) and scattered subwords were extensively studied. In [4] the authors introduced Parikh matrices, structures that contain more information about the words than Parikh vectors, which tell us only the number of di $ffere\tau 1T$ letters building the word. $I_{l1}[5]$ the notion of ...

From a generic set of uncertain pieces of information about the normal course of things and a temporal sequence of reported facts, an intelligent artifact should be able to identify causally related events and distinguish between factors that facilitate or justify the occurrence of events from other facts. In this paper, we propose a model for causality and facilitation ascriptions when the bac...

It is not often that one reads of suggestions to reset the default presumption. Most moral theorists appear to ignore governing presumptions altogether, to assume that all actions take place within an ideal space of reasons, unsullied by presumption. But I think this is precisely the area that needs adjustment, and I have argued as much in other articles (Hale 2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2008). As Fies...

Certain recurrent consonant-vowel co-occurrence frequency biases have often been attributed to the biomechanics of the mandible. This paper takes issue with this claim by pointing to some methodological flaws in the literature supporting it. CV co-occurrence data on Spanish and Portuguese are brought to bear on such neglected issues as sampling, effect size, and count type. It is shown that sma...

A key challenge in vocabulary acquisition is learning which of the many possible meanings is appropriate for a word. The word generalization problem refers to how children associate a word such as dog with a meaning at the appropriate category level in a taxonomy of objects, such as Dalmatians, dogs, or animals. We present the first computational study of word generalization integrated within a...

We present a tool, called ILIMP, which takes as input a raw text in French and produces as output the same text in which every occurrence of the pronoun il is tagged either with tag [ANA] for anaphoric or [IMP] for impersonal or expletive. This tool is therefore designed to distinguish between the anaphoric occurrences of il, for which an anaphora resolution system has to look for an antecedent...

the idea that the distinction of sciences has to be based on topics is facing serious criticisms and objections, since both arguments of the followers of this approach are violable and the history of science is replete with many examples that do not fit into this tight framework. this issue prompted some scholars such as muḥaqqiq khurāsānī to move toward distinction based on objective. this app...