A wide range of parser generators are used to generate parsers for programming languages. The grammar formalisms that come with parser generators provide different approaches for defining operator precedence. Some generators (e.g. YACC) support precedence declarations, others require the grammar to be unambiguous, thus encoding the precedence rules. Even if the grammar formalism provides preced...

We examine computational complexity implications for scheduling problems with job precedence relations with respect to strong precedence versus weak precedence. We propose a consistent definition of strong precedence for chains, trees, and series parallel graphs. Using modular decomposition for partially ordered sets (posets), we restate and extend past complexity results for chains and trees a...

Islam remains misunderstood by many in the West essentially because it has not been part of the Western cultural tradition. Negative perceptions in the West are enhanced by popular reactions to abhorrent practices committed by some Muslims, even when those practices clearly contradict the teachings of Islam.1 These negative perceptions are also enhanced by Islamophobia.2 Conversely, the West’s ...

The history of science is often regarded today as the progressive accumulation of techniques and the refinement of quantitative methods in the study of Nature. Such a point of view considers the present conception of science to be the only valid one; it therefore judges the sciences of other civilizations in the light of modern science and evaluates them primarily with respect to their "develop...

Reasoning on precedence relations is crucial for many planning and scheduling systems. In this paper we propose a double precedence graph where direct precedence relations are kept additionally to traditional precedence relations (A can directly precede B if no activity must be allocated between A and B). Such precedence relations are motivated by solving problems like modelling sequence-depend...

Muslims in America are an ethnically diverse group, coming from more than sixty nations and representing very different racial, linguistic, tribal, educational, and cultural backgrounds. Yvonne Haddad groups them into three categories: immigrants, converts, and sojourners (Conser, 218-219). This article will focus on those who have converted to Islam in America, with particular attention to the...

Abstract The vast majority of studies on Buṭrus al-Bustānī (1819–83), a leading intellectual the Arab Nahḍa, have focused his “transitions” from Maronite church to Protestantism and then various secular pursuits, such as fostering Syrian national identity, separation religion politics, supporting political culture based equal rights religious ecumenism. present article contends that extant lite...