Various supplier networks consist of many different types of interorganizational relationships. The coordination and evaluation of these kinds of networks is becoming more challenging as the importance and relative power of a single supplier increases due to the centralization of purchases. The main objective of this study is to measure mutual interorganizational trust in the supplier relations...

The author analyzes the process of reform started in post-Soviet Azerbaijan from the political economy perspective. He reviews the literature on the political economy of transition and presents the political-economic history of transition in Azerbaijan in three stages based on political developments. The author introduces and applies relevant indexes to evaluate the progress of different dimens...

A number of modern software practices (MSP) have emerged over the last decade in response to the difficulties that have tended to accompany software development efforts. Recent studies of software development groups, however, indicate that these MSP are generally not being used. Since software development is a labor-intensive, cognitive activity whose success is largely determined by individual...

Radial longitudinal deficiencies are characterized by radial deviation of the wrist, a short and bowed forearm and a non-functional or absent thumb. The deformity is caused by varying degrees of underdevelopment and malformation including hypoplasia of the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves and vessels. This study describes our results from centralization in 8 limbs with Bayne t...

In resting platelets, the GPIb-IX complex, the receptor for the von Willebrand factor (vWF), is linked to underlying actin filaments by actin-binding protein (ABP-280). Thrombin stimulation of human platelets leads to a decrease in the surface expression of the GPIb-IX complex, which is redistributed from the platelet surface into the open canalicular system (OCS). Because the centralization of...

The centralization phenomenon was first described 20 years ago. It refers to the abolition of distal pain emanating from the spine in response to therapeutic exercises. Since then a number of papers on the subject have been published. A review of current knowledge is appropriate. Selection criteria were established prior to a computer-aided search for published papers. Two reviewers independent...

We re-address the trade-off between centralized and decentralized decision making of local policies when policy makers are subject to capture. In particular, we consider the case where lobbies have private information about their ability to influence. We find a new informational effect in the political game under centralized structures that gives the policy maker additional bargaining power aga...

Bitcoin, a decentralized cryptocurrency, has attracted a lot of attention from academia, financial service industry and enthusiasts. The trade-off between transaction confirmation throughput and centralization of hash power do not allow Bitcoin to perform at the same level as modern payment systems. Block Advertisement Protocol is proposed as a step to resolve this issue. The protocol allows bl...

We show that the von Neumann entropy (from herein referred to as the von Neumann index) of a graph’s trace normalized combinatorial Laplacian provides structural information about the level of centralization across a graph. This is done by considering the Theil index, which is an established statistical measure used to determine levels of inequality across a system of ‘agents’, e.g., income lev...