Image segmentation is an essential issue in image description and classification. Currently, in many real applications, segmentation is still mainly manual or strongly supervised by a human expert, which makes it irreproducible and deteriorating. Moreover, there are many uncertainties and vagueness in images, which crisp clustering and even Type-1 fuzzy clustering could not handle. Hence, Type-...

Decision makers are often described as seeking higher expected payo¤s and avoiding higher variance in payo¤s. We provide some necessary and some su¢ cient conditions for learning rules, that assume the agent has little prior and feedback information about the environment, to re‡ect such preferences. We adopt the framework of Börgers, Morales and Sarin (2004, Econometrica) who provide similar re...

in this paper, linear data envelopment analysis models are used to estimate markowitz efficient frontier. conventional dea models assume non-negative values for inputs and outputs. however, variance is the only variable in these models that takes non-negative values. therefore, negative data models which the risk of the assets had been used as an input and expected return was the output are uti...