The systemic administration of multiple, nontoxic doses of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and poly-L-lysine solubilized by carboxymethylcellulose [poly(I,C)-LC] eradicated established experimental and spontaneous pulmonary metastases. Optimal immunotherapy was schedule dependent, requiring three to five injections of poly(I,C)-LC per week for a minimum of 4 weeks; in addition, therapeutic effi...

Objectives. This study was conducted to clarify whether or not Tregs are involved in the development of immune-mediated pancreatitis in MRL/Mp mice as an AIP (autoimmune pancreatitis) model, in order to understand more clearly the pathogenic mechanism of AIP. Methods. We compared the immunohistochemical features of pancreatic forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in the administration of poly I:C in MRL/Mp m...

Polyinosinic:polycytidic acid (poly I:C) is a synthetic double stranded RNA, which mimics with viral genome and mediates immune activation response similar to double stranded RNA virus infection into the brain. Microglial cells are the immune competent cells of the central nervous system having Toll like receptors-3 on their surface. Upon establishing that poly I:C infusion into the brain cause...

NK cells play essential roles in eliminating virally infected cells and tumor cells. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a double-stranded RNA analog recognized by melanoma-differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5) and TLR3, activates NK cells in vivo. MDA5 and TLR3 signal through distinct adaptor molecules, IFN-promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor induc...

Cytoplasmic viral RNAs with 5' triphosphates (5'ppp) are detected by the RNA helicase RIG-I, initiating downstream signaling and alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) expression that establish an antiviral state. We demonstrate here that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) 3' untranslated region (UTR) RNA has greater activity as an immune stimulator than several flavivirus UTR RNAs. We confirmed that ...

The innate immune system utilizes pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect the invasion of pathogens and initiate host antimicrobial responses. Recently, it was reported that human cancer cells also expressed PRRs, and responded to cytosolic nucleic acids via the production of type I interferon and apoptosis in susceptible cells. However, the definite nucleic acids senses in different can...

BACKGROUND Emodin (3-methyl-1, 6, 8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a compound which can be found in Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR). PMR is the root of Polygonum multiflorum. PMR is used to treat dizziness, spermatorrhea, sores, and scrofula as well as chronic malaria traditionally in China and Korea. The anti-tumor property of emodin was already reported. However, anti-viral activity of emodin on...

Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I-C)] is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that simulates a viral-infected state in cells. It has been shown that viral infection, as well as poly(I-C), stimulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cell (EC) monolayers and that this is mediated through the surface expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM...