Introduction: Health tourism refers to travel for the use of services that improve or promote the physical or psychological health of an individual in a location apart from their place of residence lasting over 24 hours. Health tourism provides a sizeable share of revenues derived from the health sector in some countries. The high potential for health tourism in Iran, especiall...

This paper tries to sum up the discussions held during the sessions of GREC’09, as well as at the final panel session. As it is always good to know where you are coming from, the paper briefly takes a look back at the discussions held two years earlier, before looking ahead at the future challenges for our research community. A number of points raised two years ago remain very much valid, but w...

This article lists fourteen open problems in artificial life, each of which is a grand challenge requiring a major advance on a fundamental issue for its solution. Each problem is briefly explained, and, where deemed helpful, some promising paths to its solution are indicated.

Top-N evaluation of recommender systems, typically carried out using metrics from information retrieval or machine learning, has several challenges. Two of these challenges are popularity bias, where the evaluation intrinsically favors algorithms that recommend popular items, and misclassified decoys, where items for which no user relevance is known are actually relevant to the user, but the ev...

This paper reviews potential operational challenges facing hybrid power plants, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) plus battery energy storage systems (BESS). Real-world operation has witnessed many challenges, e.g., overvoltage at fault recovery, oscillations during PV ramping up, large phase angle change faults, etc. while focusing on those caused by plant-level control and inverter-level c...

concerns over limited medical equipment and resources, particularly in intensive care units (icus), have raised the issue of medical futility. medical futility draws a contrast between physician’s authority and patients’ autonomy and it is one of the major issues of end-of-life ethical decision-making. the aim of this study was to review medical futility and its challenges. in this systematized...

This paper explores two classes of emerging technology that o er the promise to provide radically improved ways to support lifelong learning. We particularly focus on the human computer interaction (HCI) challenges that must be addressed if that promise is to be realised. One technology is personalisation, based on a long term learner model which captures the learner's knowledge, preferences an...

in future, soil erosion will be a great challenge for biosphere. if the soils today are notprotected carefully hunger crises all over the world will be widespread. the present article endeavorsto survey soil erosion process and approaches to prevent it. furthermore the article tries to review therelation between soil character and soil production capability shedding light on the effect of erosi...