Plastid genes are expressed at high levels in photosynthetically active chloroplasts but are generally believed to be drastically downregulated in nongreen plastids. The genome-wide changes in the expression patterns of plastid genes during the development of nongreen plastid types as well as the contributions of transcriptional versus translational regulation are largely unknown. We report her...

Plastid genes are expressed at high levels in photosynthetically active chloroplasts but are generally believed to be drastically downregulated in nongreen plastids. The genome-wide changes in the expression patterns of plastid genes during the development of nongreen plastid types as well as the contributions of transcriptional versus translational regulation are largely unknown. We report her...

Plastids display a high morphological and functional diversity. Starting from an undifferentiated small proplastid, these plant cell organelles can develop into four major forms: etioplasts in the dark, chloroplasts in green tissues, chromoplasts in colored flowers and fruits and amyloplasts in roots. The various forms are interconvertible into each other depending on tissue context and respect...

Plastid transformation is routine in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) but 100-fold less frequent in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), preventing its use in plastid biology. A recent study revealed that null mutations in ACC2, encoding a plastid-targeted acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase, cause hypersensitivity to spectinomycin. We hypothesized that plastid transformation efficiency should increase in t...

Plastids are cellular organelles which originated when a photosynthetic prokaryote was engulfed by the eukaryotic ancestor of green and red algae and land plants. Plastids have diversified in plants from their original function as chloroplasts to fulfil a variety of other roles in metabolite biosynthesis and in storage, or purely to facilitate their own transmission, according to the cell type ...

Presence of antibiotic resistance markers has always been considered as one of the main safety concerns in transgenic plants and their derived products. Elimination of antibiotic selectable markers from transgenics is a major hurdle for finding efficient and safe candidates. Herbicide tolerance genes might be attractive alternatives. In this study, a variant form of the 5-enoylpyruvyl shikimate...

Chloroplasts contain proteins that are encoded by different genetic systems, the plastid genome and the nuclear chromosomes. By comparing the gene content of plastid genomes of different taxa, some predictions about nuclear-encoded genes for plastid proteins are possible. However, early in evolution, many genes were transferred from the plastid to the cell nucleus and are therefore missing from...

The plastid evolved from a symbiotic cyanobacterial ancestor and is an essential organelle for plant life, but its developmental roles in roots have been largely overlooked. Here, we show that plastid translation is connected to the stem cell patterning in lateral root primordia. The RFC3 gene encodes a plastid-localized protein that is a conserved bacterial ribosomal protein S6 of β/γ proteoba...

Gregarines are early diverging apicomplexans that appear to be closely related to Cryptosporidium. Most apicomplexans, including Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Eimeria, possess both plastids and corresponding plastid genomes. Cryptosporidium lacks both the organelle and the genome. To investigate the evolutionary history of plastids in the Apicomplexa, we tried to determine whether gregarines poss...

Stromules are motile extensions of the plastid envelope membrane, whose roles are not fully understood. They are present on all plastid types but are more common and extensive on non-green plastids that are sparsely distributed within the cell. During tomato fruit ripening, chloroplasts in the mesocarp tissue differentiate into chromoplasts and undergo major shifts in morphology. In order to un...