The head-related transfer function (HRTF) defines the acoustic path from a source to two ears of listener in manner that is highly dependent on direction. This directional dependence arises individual morphology pinna, which results complex reflections and resonances. While this notion generally accepted, there has been little research importance different structural elements pinna HRTF. A para...

OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to assess the scope of sonography for the diagnosis of diseases of the external ear. METHODS We developed a description of the sonographic anatomy of the normal ear pinna, including the thickness of the normal cartilage and lobule, through systematic scanning of the external ears of 11 healthy volunteers (2 male and 9 female), and reviewed clinical cases wi...

OBJECTIVE Sensory disturbance due to excision of the great auricular nerve in patients who have undergone parotidectomy sometimes causes discomfort to the patients. In order to reduce the postoperative discomfort of the pinna, we tried to preserve the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve. METHODS Forty patients with parotid tumor were included in this study. Twenty-one of these patie...

Direction-specific interactions of sound waves with the head, torso, and pinna provide unique spectral-shape cues that are used for the localization of sounds in the vertical plane, whereas horizontal sound localization is based primarily on the processing of binaural acoustic differences in arrival time (interaural time differences, or ITDs) and sound level (interaural level differences, or IL...

INTRODUCTION Although pilomatrixomas are frequently encountered by dermatologists and pathologists in the differential diagnosis of head and neck lesions, this is not usually the case among head and neck surgeons. A pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is a benign tumour of the hair matrix cells. Histologically it is characterised by the presence of ghost cells, basophilic cells a...