The mean values of the radiation balance of the earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the earth-atmosphere system as a whole are well established. However, this does not apply to the parameters of local areas of the earth's surface and the atmosphere above them. The radiation balance of such local objects experiences considerable variations depending on the spatiotemporal distribution of cloud a...

The energy for the coronal heating must be provided from the convection zone. However, the amount and the method by which this energy is transferred into the corona depend on the properties of the lower atmosphere and the corona itself. We review: (i) how the energy could be built in the lower solar atmosphere, (ii) how this energy is transferred through the solar atmosphere, and (iii) how the ...

This study developed a coupled land–atmosphere satellite data assimilation system as a new physical downscaling approach, by coupling a mesoscale atmospheric model with a land data assimilation system (LDAS). The LDAS consists of a land surface scheme as the model operator, a radiative transfer model as the observation operator, and the simulated annealing method for minimizing the difference b...

Our knowledge of the composition and physical properties of planetary atmospheres is impotiant for the understanding of the origin and evolution of the planets themselves, as well as for providing a comparative basis for understanding the Earth”s atmosphere. The physical conditions of planetary atmospheres vary widely from place to place within a given atmosphere and from planet to planet. Cons...

For the purpose of acquiring insights into the physical processes characterizing dynamical structures of general circulations of the planetary atmospheres, high resolution simulations of the Martian global atmosphere and the aqua-planet atmosphere which is an abstraction of the Earth's atmosphere have been performed by using GCMs (General Circulation Model) based on the AFES (Atmospheric GCM fo...

introduction It is well known to the scientific community that the spectral properties of the gases that make up the Earth’s atmosphere play a major role in determining the environment in which we live. For example, the temperature at the Earth’s surface is determined by the balance between the solar radiation absorbed at the Earth’s surface and the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth into ...

The fraction of solar wind which interacts with the dayside ionosphere and atmosphere of Venus was calculated assuming the presence ofmagnetic field fluctuations in the, • ionosheath region and taking into consideration the interaction with the upper neutral atmosphere extending above the ionopause. The Monte Carlo calculations indicated that fluctuations with Brms/(B) of 0.3, a not unreasonabl...

The article presents the main conclusions obtained in special issue “Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Free Atmosphere: Dynamics, Physical Processes, Measuring Methods”. average meteorological quantities as well turbulent characteristics different atmospheric conditions are considered.