The complete mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene was sequenced from 17 black flies, representing 13 putative species, and used to infer phylogenetic relationships. A midge (Paratanytarsus sp.) and three mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus) were used as outgroup taxa. All outgroup taxa were highly divergent from black flies. Phylogenetic trees ba...

The relation between method, concept and theory in science is complicated. I seek to shed light on that relation by considering an instance of it in systematics: The additional challenges phylogeneticists face when reconstructing phylogeny not at a single level, but simultaneously at multiple levels of the hierarchy. How does this complicate the task of phylogenetic inference, and how might it ...

Phylogenetic analysis has shown that Escherichia coli is composed of four main phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D). Characterization of phylogenetic groups is of clinical interest, as group A and B1 generally associated with commensals, whereas most enteropathogenic isolates are assigned to group D, and group B2 is associated with extra-intestinal pathotype. One hundred E. coli strains recove...

Background and Aims: The Inclusion Body Hepatitis disease (IBH) is one of the prevalent illnesses in our country these days and reported from different regions of Iran. In addition to its fatality, the importance of this disease is disturbing the vaccination program in poultry, especially broiler chickens, against other diseases like infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Newcastle disease (ND). T...

in a recent paper, de baets et al. have characterized the fuzzytolerance and fuzzy equivalence relations that a given strict order relation iscompatible with. in this paper, we generalize this characterization by consideringan arbitrary (crisp) relation instead of a strict order relation, while payingattention to the particular cases of a reflexive or irreflexive relation. the reasoninglargely ...

background and aims: avian metapneumovirus (ampv) is rna virus responsible for upper respiratory disease in poultry which is usually accompanied by secondary bacterial infections. in iran, some molecular and serological studies indicated that ampv infection occurred in commercial poultry industry. materials and methods: in this study ampv was molecularly identified and characterized in an affec...

boophilus genus ticks are responsible for transferring some pathogens and reducing production factors in cattle. tropomysin (tpm) protein has actin regulator activity and playing important role in immune and allergic reactions. the main goal is to determine different aspects of phylogenetic, similarity, homology, structure and allergenicity of tpm protein. in prior study, we identified tpm by u...

the aim of the present study was to find the best or optimum topology of six chicken populations, which were genotyped based on nine highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. to reach this goal, different genetic distances based on infinite allele model (iam), stepwise mutation model (smm) and drawing phylogentic trees on un-weighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (upgma) method w...

sixteen avian influenza (ai) h9n2 viruses were isolated from disease outbreaks in different parts of iranduring (1998–2001). these ai isolates were used for pathogenicity, haemagglutinin (ha) gene variation andphylogenetic analysis. results in both pathogenicity tests and ha gene cleavage site sequence detectionrepresented a non-highly pathogenic feature for all iranian ai isolates studied. the...

Both habitat filters and spatial processes can influence community structure. Space alone affects species immigration from the regional species pool, whereas habitat filters affect species distribution and inter-specific interactions. This study aimed to understand how the interplay between environmental and geographical processes influenced the structure of Neotropical snake communities in dif...