Doping effects on organic lateral photovoltaic cells with separated carrier-generating and doped carrier-transporting layers were investigated. A doping concentration of 100 ppm into the hole electron transporting doubled photocurrent density by forming a built-in potential between in vertical direction cell, which accelerated carrier generation. higher induced trap-assisted recombination at di...

Employing sunlight to produce electrical energy has been demonstrated be one of the most promising solutions world’s crisis. The device convert solar energy, a cell, must reliable and cost-effective compete with traditional resources. This paper reviews many basics photovoltaic (PV) cells, such as working principle PV main physical properties cell materials, significance gallium arsenide (GaAs)...

Nowadays due to water shortage, the use of air humidity as the sustainable solution has been considered by cities located in coastal zones; especially in warm and humid climate. However, the use of air humidity also has its own problems such as corrosion of metal parts in photovoltaic cells that used for energy supplying and they are often made of Aluminum alloy. Therefore different methods suc...

By means of first principles calculations we show that both rutile and anatase phases of bulk TiO2 doped by S, Se or Pb can display substantial decreasing in the band gap (up to 50%), while doping by Zr does not sizably affect the band-gap value. Moreover, the absorption edge is shifted (up to 1 eV) to the lower energy range in the case of TiO2 doped by S or Pb that opens a way to enhancin...

The development of affordable photovoltaic technologies, i.e. solar cells, offers one of the most promising solutions for clean, renewable energy. Solution-processed polymer photovoltaic cells have attracted much attention since they can be manufactured with inexpensive, high-throughput techniques. [ 1 ] They are light weight and can also be fl exible, making it possible to integrate them with ...

Organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) has emerged as a new competitor to inorganic material-based solar cells, due to its potential application in large area, printable, and flexible solar panels. In particular, OPV cells with bulk heterojunction architecture (BHJ), in which the photoactive layer consists of a bicontinuous blend of an electron donor and an electron acceptor, has allowed power convers...

The effective actions of a scalar and massless spin-half field are determined as functions of the deformation of a symmetrically squashed three-sphere. The extreme oblate case is particularly examined as per-tinant to a high temperature statistical mechanical interpretation that may be relevant for the holographic principle. Interpreting the squashing parameter as a temperature, we find that th...