BACKGROUND Down syndrome, phonological awareness, writing and working memory. AIM to evaluate the phonological awareness of Brazilian children with Down syndrome; to analyze the relationship between the writing hypothesis and the phonological awareness scores of the participants; to compare the performance of children with Down syndrome to that of children with typical development according t...

the coalition between terms and their meaning can be as the result of phonological repetition in its speech structure and specific semantic load. this can lead to meaning distinction in choosing words and also meaning association. therefore, literally and syntactically, the phonological level cannot be separated from semantic level. earlier, the phonological association in text has been discuss...

Objectives: In this research study, the effect of training phonological awareness skills on the improvement of auditory memory in students with spelling problems in third grade at primary schools in Sari City, Iran, was investigated.  Methods: The research method used in the study was quasi-experimental with pre-tests, post-tests, and a control group. The statistical population consisted ...

It has been assumed that fluent reading requires efficient integration of orthographic and phonological codes. However, it is thus far unclear how this integration process develops when children learn to become fluent readers. Therefore, we used masked priming to investigate time courses of orthographic and phonological code activation in children at incremental levels of reading development (2...

background naming is a simple and basic skill of the language which involves semantic, lexical, and phonological levels. there are many different factors affecting the speed and convenience of naming. one of these factors is the word age of acquisition (aoa) and since language processing occurs at an extremely fast rate, psycholinguistics needs a method that has very good temporal resolution. t...

The structure of phonological processing for typically developing children has been debated over the past two decades. Recent research has indicated that phonological processing is best explained by a single underlying phonological ability (e.g., Anthony and Lonigan, 2004). The current study had two goals. The first goal was to determine the structure of phonological processing for school-age c...

Children with speech difficulties often have delayed phonological awareness development and associated literacy problems. Speech-language pathologists (S-LPs) typically use phonological and articulatory approaches in their treatment of such children. However, it is unclear to what extent phonological awareness training, originally designed to promote literacy skills, might also improve children...