Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive and notorious pest of maize in many countries including Nepal. Several approaches integrated management have been adopted for its control, chemical being the most popular choice farmers’ fields. Efficacy such pesticides fall armyworm interpreted as per location, season, time crops. In some cases, insect pests are always increasing pesticide re...

Plant protection control based on the spray application of plant products is a very complex task depending series factors, among which droplet size most influential for deposition and pesticide effectiveness. In fact, adoption correct can ensure that required dose reaches target area not wasted, minimizes off-target losses due to evaporation, drift run-off and, at same time, enhances operator’s...

Intranasal steroid sprays are safe for long-term use, and there is little evidence to indicate they cause significant systemic side effects. However, patients with chronic rhinitis who might use them for long periods should be advised to use them only intermittently and at the lowest dose that controls their symptoms. Patients who regularly use steroid sprays should undergo examination of the n...

The effect of pre-harvest sprays of chitosan on post-harvest decay and quality of strawberries stored at 3 and 13°C was investigated. Strawberry plants were sprayed with 2, 4 and 6 g l, chitosan solutions as the fruit were turning red. A second spray was performed after 10 days. Fruit were picked 5 and 10 days after each spray. Harvested fruit from chitosan sprayed plants were challenged with B...

Effects of water-misting sprays with forced ventilation after transport during summer on meat quality, stress parameters, glycolytic potential and microstructures of muscle in broilers were investigated. A total of 105 mixed-sex Arbor Acres broilers were divided into three treatment groups: i) 45-min transport without rest (T group), ii) 45-min transport with 1-h rest (TR group), iii) 45-min tr...

BACKGROUND Effective treatment of seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis often requires use of topical intranasal corticosteroids (INSs). Despite differences in recommended starting dosages, the 4 leading INSs by market share are packaged in bottles containing 120 metered-dose sprays. OBJECTIVE To determine the relative prescribed dosages of the leading INSs and compare economic differences ...

The outcome of avian field studies was examined to model the likelihood of mortality. The data were divided into clusters reflecting the type of pesticide application and bird guilds present on site. Logistic regression was used to model the probability of a bird kill. Four independent variables were tested for their explanatory power: a variable reflecting acute oral toxicity and application r...