Armed conflict in Colombia with the Revolutionary Forces of (FARC-EP) was only settled after 50 years and several attempts at negotiations. This sequence events fits pattern “conflict ripeness” first proposed by William Zartman. But using a successful settlement as way to determine ripeness can be tautological. To address this issue, we develop formal model identify level which is settled. In a...

This article interrogates whether, and if so how, international mediation might shape the identities of conflict parties. I examine stages II Geneva Peace Process, early United Nations (UN)-led efforts in relation to Syrian civil war, by thematically analysing 31 semi-structured interviews, 35 press conferences 68 official documents. argue that mediators parties can reimagine within, response t...

The article offers a comparative analysis of projects for building sustainable peaceful relations in Europe, which at different times were proposed by European monarchs to ensure between countries: Treaty on the Establishment Peace throughout Christendom Bohemian King George Poděbrady, Grand Design Henry IV, and Holy Alliance Alexander I. Anglo-Austro-Russian team diplomacy, with active peacema...

This chapter addresses the case study of mediation in Syria, examining mixed approach to Syrian peacemaking process involving both determined-designed and adaptive mediation. It assesses multiple sometimes conflicting roles individual institutional actors, internal external, analyzes how involved actors ‘adapted’ contextual complexities unique ways varying degrees despite preexisting constraint...

This chapter shows the dynamic nature of mediation in Colombia during last three decades and through 12 peace processes that displayed a large number strategies. The achievement 2016 agreement with Revolutionary Armed Forces Colombia-People’s Army (FARC-EP) demonstrates how institutional capacity building results from resilient social institutions emerged after several attempts to achieve vario...