In this paper, the properties of photonic band gaps (PBGs) for three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PCs) composed of isotropic positive-index materials and epsilon-negative materials with pyrochlore lattices are theoretically investigated by a modified plane wave expansion method. The eigenvalue equations of calculating the band structures for such 3D PCs in the first irreducible Brillouin...

We demonstrate the utility of three-dimensional 3D optical Wannier functions WF’s for quantitative description of electromagnetic wave localization and propagation in 3D photonic band gap PBG microcircuits. Using these localized “optical orbitals” we reconstruct electromagnetic waveguiding in bulk twodimensional 2D and 3D PBG materials, 2D-3D PBG heterostructures composed of 3D PBG structures i...

In this method for urinary porphobilinogen (PBG), urine is added to Bio-Rad AG1-X2 (200-400 mesh) acetate resin under alkaline conditions and mixed. After two water washes, the adsorbed PBG is eluted with acid and reacted with Ehrlich's reagent (p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde). Quantification is by comparison of the color developed with that of a PBG standard similarly treated or of a calibrated m...

Gold/one-dimensional photonic crystal (Au/1D-PC) is fabricated and applied for sensitive sensing of glucose and different chemical molecules of various refractive indices. The Au layer thickness is optimized to produce surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at the right edge of the photonic band gap (PBG). As the Au deposition time increased to 60 sec, the PBG width is increased from 46 to 86 nm in co...

Recently, photonic crystals doped with liquid crystal (LC) material havegained much research interest. In this article new ternary one-dimensional photoniccrystal introduced and studied. The liquid crystal layer of 5CB and 5PCH is sandwichedby two dielectric layers. For the first time, we use four structures SiO2/UCF35/CaF2,SiO2/5CB/CaF2, NFK51/UCF35/NPSK53 and NFK51/5CB/NPSK53. The effect ofte...

Photonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov but remained relatively unknown until the seminal ...

BACKGROUND Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a metabolic disease with clinical manifestations that mimic other abdominal, neurologic, or mental crises. We studied the diagnostic accuracy of current laboratory tests during an acute attack and in remission. METHODS Since 1966, we have studied all known Finnish AIP patients (n = 196) and their families (n = 45) and identified the porphobilin...

In order to understand the performance of photonic bandgap (PBG) structures under realistic high gradient, high power, high repetition rate operation, a PBG accelerator structure was designed and tested at X-Band (11.424 GHz). The structure consisted of a single test cell with matching cells before and after the structure. The design followed principles previously established in testing a serie...

Photonic band gap (PBG) materials are attractive for cavity QED experiments because they provide extremely small mode volumes and are monolithic, integratable structures. As such, PBG cavities are a promising alternative to Fabry-Perot resonators. However, the cavity requirements imposed by QED experiments, such as the need for high Q (low cavity damping) and small mode volumes, present signifi...

The photonic band gap PBG effect and its isotropy of sunflower-type circular photonic crystal CPC are obtained and investigated from the transmission spectra performed by finite-difference time-domain FDTD method. The PBG directional width variation is found to be only 6.7%. A well-confined whispering gallery mode WGM with azimuthal number of 6 is obtained by FDTD simulation from the CPC microc...