The turbidity of lakes is generally considered to be a smooth function of their nutrient status. However, recent results suggest that over a range of nutrient concentrations, shallow l&es can have two alternative equilibria: a clear state dominated by nquatic vegetation, and a turbid state characterized by high algal biomass. This bi-stability has important implications for the possibilities of...

We studied selection by predators for cryptic prey coloration in a visually heterogeneous habitat that consists of two microhabitats. It has been suggested that the probability of escaping detection in such habitats might be optimized by maximizing crypsis in one of the microhabitats. However, a recent model indicates that a coloration that compromises the requirements of different microhabitat...

Total DNA was directly extracted from microbial populations in grassland soils taken from three geographically distinct upland sites at Garrigill, Aber and Sourhope, UK. Within each site, grasslands were categorised using the National Vegetation Classification into distinct vegetation sequences, namely unimproved, semi-improved and improved. Microbial community DNA was extracted from the differ...

Ecosystem responses to climate change can exert positive or negative feedbacks on climate, mediated in part by slow-moving factors such as shifts in vegetation community composition. Long-term experimental manipulations can be used to examine such ecosystem responses, but they also present another opportunity: inferring the extent to which contemporary climate change is responsible for slow cha...

In this Appendix, we summarize some basic properties of the three classes of functional diversity measures: (1) functional Hill number ) (Q D q which quantifies the effective number of equally abundant and equally distinct species in an assemblage with a constant species pairwise distance Q, where Q denotes Rao’s quadratic entropy; (2) mean functional diversity MD(Q) = Q Q D q × )] ( [ which qu...

magnetic recording Vitaliy Lomakin, Richard Choi, Boris Livshitz, Shaojing Li, Akihiro Inomata, and H. Neal Bertram Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA Center for Magnetic Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA Storage Systems Laboratories, Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagaw...

In the Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP) a fleet of vehicles must serve customers requests which consist of transporting objects from their origins to their destinations. We introduce the PDP with Fixed Partial Routes (PDP-FPR), in which some partial routes are given, and the problem consists in obtaining a solution (a set of routes) which include those partial routes. We have analyzed the comp...

The archaeological evidence at the Gummingurru site demonstrates that motifs are both “created and creating” (following terminology used by Gosden & Head, 1994). Head argue a social landscape shapes human behaviour into “socially conditioned configurations” (Gosden 1994, p. 113). Echoing Giddens, who said “time space produced producing” (cited in ibid), claim that: Landscapes created creating. ...

Abstract Northern aapa mire complexes are characterized by patterned fens with flarks (wet fen surfaces) and bog zone margins Sphagnum moss cover. Evidence exists of a recent increase in over that can alter ecosystem functions. Contrast between cover may enable remote sensing these changes satellite proxies. We explored hydro-morphological patterns vegetation south-boreal Finland tested the per...