In the public sector, employment may be inefficiently high because of patronage, and wages may be inefficiently high because of the strength of public employee interest groups. This paper explores whether the initiative process, a direct democracy institution of growing importance, can control these political economy problems, as proponents and some research suggests. Based on a sample of 500+ ...

The Fujairah Emirate in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has many important cultural and archaeological sites. These include the Fujairah and Al-Bithna Forts and the Al-Bidyah Mosque. With increasing tourism patronage and development of major infrastructure projects in Fujairah, these sites are increasingly under threat. Their present condition requires careful mapping for proper management and f...

Traditional poetry translation studies often emphasize on the reproduction of the form or meaning and the translatability of poetry, not beyond the constraints of linguistic analysis. This paper sets out to discuss English translation of Chinese poems within a larger social, political and cultural context. According to André Lefevere, the leading representative of “Cultural school”, translation...

When revolutions for independence broke out, religious life in the Spanish American world was ruled by the Indian patronage regime [patronato], which gave the monarch tight control over ecclesiastical institutions. Patronage included, among many other prerogatives, presenting candidates to the pope, appointing parish priests and doctrine teachers, the right to allow or deny the dissemination of...

We develop a model of government personnel policy with electoral competition in an effort to understand when high quality bureaucracies will be created and sustained. In the model, two parties compete for office over an infinite horizon, and politicians in office choose a mix between civil servants (who produce public goods in a good bureaucracy) and patronage appointees (who produce private go...

When revolutions for independence broke out, religious life in the Spanish American world was ruled by the Indian patronage regime [patronato], which gave the monarch tight control over ecclesiastical institutions. Patronage included, among many other prerogatives, presenting candidates to the pope, appointing parish priests and doctrine teachers, the right to allow or deny the dissemination of...